What is Hindu Religion ? , What is Hinduism ?, Reality of Hindu Religion., Who are Hindus of India ?.
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What is Yoga ?
for Yoga ,
please see the bottom of this page.
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What is Hindu religion.
What is the Hinduism.
There are very elaborate and detailed and very long definitions and explanations on the internet on this subject and there are many writers who have written many books on this subject, these writers are either Unbiased European researchers or they are Indian nationals who are following the Hindu religion, those followers of the Hindu religion tried to define the Hindu religion in the best manner as they could, but all of these people found it very difficult to define the Hinduism because they lack the insight in the history of this religion due to its very long presence in this indian subcontinent and due to its varied doctrines and ideologies.
But I will define the Hindu Religion in the most correct and true form and in very brief and short form for you.
I have first hand knowledge of the ancient history of this Indian subcontinent, beginning from the Stone age and pre iron ages. and pre Stone ages.
If you truly want to know reality about the Hindu Religion then please read my article patiently, I will try my best to explain it for you as briefly as possible as I can make it for you.
It is very important to know at least a brief history of the Indian subcontinent to truly understand the real definition of the Hindu religion or to know what Hinduism actually is .
Therefore please just read this following paragraph patiently so as you will understand the Hinduism in reality.
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In this article you will get answers of ,
(1) Why there are contradictory beliefs and faiths are in Hinduism ?
(2) Why there are bad acts and shameful acts attributted to the deities and gods in hinduism?
(3) Why there is 180 degree differences in the believes and thoughts in the Hindu religion ?
(4) Why there is no mention of the names of the deities of Hinduism in the vedas ?
(5) Why the Hindu upper class people deny about their sacred books if anybody points some
defect in them or any reference against the hinduism in them ?
(6) Why there are untouchable people in India ?
(7) Why there are Aboriginals or Adivasi people in India ?
(8) What is Hindu Religion in reality ?
(9) Why are derogatory and insulting surnames in Indian population?
(10) What is the reality of Yoga ?
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( What is Hinduism or Hindu Religion ? , The Briefest answer is " The Hinduism is not a single Religion , but it is a combination of two Different religions", This is the reason why you find contradictory and often opposite belief and doctrines in Hindu religion., Out of those two religions, One is monotheistic & the other is animistic. ).
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There is no written recorded history of ancient world, there are some signs and archaeological artifacts and our logical imagination and our knowledge of the socio -psychological behavior of the Aryan people is the basis of our knowledge, our logical thinking is based on just and positive thinking and rational logical deductions.
we have some ancient writings and some artifacts and our logical deductions, this is sufficient for now.
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Time Era of 20,000 years BC. ( Stone age and Wood age, fire was discovered & is in use ).
The Land of India was densely populated by indigenous and aboriginal peoples before the arrival of Foreign people in this land, the foreign people are the Aryans and the synthians and the hunn people.
The Harappa & Mohenjodaru people
Original Indians
These Aryan people arrived in India well before 2000 BC, when the aryan people arrived in India from its western border i.e from the present day pakistan, then the aryans could not see any trace of the Harrapan people or the mohenjodaro people, because these people had died well long before the arrival of the arya people.
The Arya entering India 2000 BC
( Image attribution html = By <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Gilles_MAIRET" class="mw-redirect" title="User:Gilles MAIRET">Gilles MAIRET</a> - <span class="int-own-work" lang="en">Own work</span>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0" title="Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26879300">Link</a>
By Gilles MAIRET - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26879300 )
( ( http://www.historyshistories.com/india-aryan-civilization.html )).
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The harrappa and the Mohenjodaro settlements died and got buried in the land approximately 2000 years before the aryan arrival on their land, therefore the aryans walked above their remains without even noticing any sign of settlement.
The Harappa and Mohenjodaro settlements were a purely indigenous indian aboriginal and Dravidian people and it did not had any connection with the Aryan people and vedic civilization and it was nearer to the babilonion, assyrian and sumerian and akkadian cililization.
.jpg)
The Harrappa & Mohenjodaru Civilization
Around - 6000 BC
The aryan people were hunter gatherers by profession and they had arches and crossbows and arrows and lances for the animal hunting, these people were not farmers, rather they prefer to hunt and eat the fruits and animals, they drink the milk and they live in small groups in scattered camps in the forests.
the nature of their profession make them to wander in the world in the search of food, as the world in those days was just as an open paradise and every one was free to move whenever he want to move.
in asia minor and in the eastern Europe there were already more groups people competing for the resources and food there chances of armed conflicts and battles with the rivals was very common, therefore these people were expert in archery and lancing and fighting for obtaining the food and horse riding.
tired of the consistent threat of fighting these groups left that area and moved towards mainland asia, some hundred small groups reached india equipped with lances and arrows and arches.
In those time the India was a paradise un explored , india had good soil, abundant rains and dense forests, each and every kind of fruits and trees, plenty of animals which could be easily domesticated, such as rabbits, deers, cows, goats and pigs. 99 % of land area was densely covered by the eternal forest.
The forests of India were full of fruits in all seasons as the diversity of its flora was tremendous, in any season there were more than enough fruits on the trees, the fruits and the animals were in a easy reach for the people who can catch them because they were in abundance .
Therefore the aryan people settled here, and in those time they formed small committed communities in the forests.
on the other hand there were aboriginal inhabitants here in those forests, who were not accustomed for fighting, because they never came across fighting, because there was no need for that as food & land was in abundance in India.
These aboriginal inhabitants were living in groups in huts made up of tree leaves and long grass, as there was no competition for the food and resources the original inhabitants of india were living a peaceful combat-less life, they even did not know how to confront and fight, they were not hunters of animals, they were fruit eaters, therefore they did not had any fatal weapons known to them.
because of the semi tropical weather of the india in those time, the weather was moist humid and oceanic , the proximity of india to the equator made the sun rays always directly available to the forest throughout the year, this condition made the skin dark and black for the original inhabitants of the india , the original inhabitants of india were oceanic people of afro-oceanic race. Austroasiatic (the details are in the paragraphs to follow afterwards.).
The Route of arrival of
Original Indians
in India
about 150000 BC.
The Religion of Animism
as of the
Original Indians
Percentage of
Original Indians
in India
Original Indian Languages
Original Indians
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As the aryans were arrived from a different environmental zone, they were fairer in skin colour and they were of Caucasian race , therefore they were taller, slimmer and used to the fighting and combat skills.
Therefore as the aryans arrived in India , they found some primitive people living a primitive life and having dark skins and hairy bodies, therefore they hated them at first sight.
the arriving aryans scolded them from the forest further away to make settlements for the aryan families and any resistance from the aboriginals was defeated easily and they were drawn as animals in the forest deeper,
Then the aboriginals retreated towards deep in the forests.
The aryans described the aboriginals as rakshashs or asuras and they were frightening their children by describing the ugliness of these asuras for making their babies quite if they cry or make mischievous.
These aryan people tell their toddlers that the Asur or the Rakshash will come and take you in the forest and eat you if you will not stop crying and making nuisance. still today this is being told in india to the children.
The Aryan occupation of India 2000 BC
The Aryan Brahimins Doing Hawan
Burning of Herbs and Oil
They believe in doing something to obtain some results
indian Girl
These aboriginals were not accustomed to fighting therefore they kept on retreating till they reached to the southern part of the india, which is called Deccan or South india now.
The Aryans were very proud of their victories on the asuras and rakshas or rakkass and they sing songs in the glory of the fighters, they make derogatory accounts on the skin color of the aboriginals and they assume the aryas as a superior and clean race as compared to these wild black beast of the forest, to who they call rakshas or asuras.
On the other hand the aboriginal inhabitants were a peaceful people unknown to the conflict and fighting because there was no need to fight and confront in india in those days for food and resourses as there were plenty of food , fruits and fresh water and comfortable weather and environment, there was no need of working hard in fields for growing of food grains as farming was unknown to them,
The aboriginals were also living in small groups in huts in the forest but they were not organized as a nation, they were unknown about a tribal cheif or any kind of king, they did not had the concept of the tribal cheif or the king of the group., they were just living as family members living in groups in the forest in near to each other as we go on party in the forest now a days to just pass our holidays of vacations in the forest.
The aboriginals had no concept of a king or a chieftain of the clan or tribe, they were just a family members scattered in the forest in all over the india.
They even did not had the concept of a God, what they had but a fear of other things, which could harm them.
At these days in deep past say 5000 years from now, there was no concept in any mind that there is a different religion for other people, or the other people may have another religion. even there was no concept of existence of religion either, but what they were doing is just following some superstitions, and there was no concept of religion.
Therefore the indigineous people thought that these Aryans or these Brahimins might be following the same thing which they themselves are following, i.e. the superstitious animistic thoughts.
But in fact and actually the Brahmins were following an entirely different religion and these aboriginal indians were following a completely different religion, these two religions were 170 degree opposite to each other. ( at least.).
In these conditions the aryas arrived in those forests, the aryas were well organized, they had the concept of a tribal chief, and they were able to fight for the resources and they can defend their belongings with the help of their advanced weapons i,e. the arrows and lances.
These aryans too did not had a concept of a god either till now, what they had that they only know that something happens if something is done.
Therefore they do some rituals to obtain some results and thought that this way the things are done.
The aryas thought themselves to be superior, one because of their fair skin colour, then due to their beautiful body, beautiful faces and tall and slender statures, grey , brown or blue eyes and golden hairs.
The aryans praised the fighters who drove out these asurs from the forest to clear ground for their settlement to making privacy and peace of mind.
The aryans enjoyed plenty of fruits and vegetable, abundant domesticated animals and plenty of milk to drink.
These amenities enabled them to have plenty of free time for praising their lords and chief, these prayers then slowly lead to religious writings and they developed their own superior religion.
their concept of their superior religion further make them proud of their race, they started practicing religion and they did this by igniting the fire in pits of the earth filled with dry leaves from the trees , the trees were making dark and deep shadows and these fires were offering some heat and some aroma due to accidentally burning of the aromatic leaves and flowers in that fire which was ignited in that pit on the earth near their settlements. which also repelled mosquitoes away.
this religious practice further developed and more and more poems were got composed and songs were sung and the life was going smoothly as it is going in the paradise, . because india was not any less than real paradise in those days.
The young men youth and boys who remembered more and more poems and praising poetry, then became the priest, these priests started performing religious services for the communities, they sang songs for the community, they sang
songs for the deceased relatives who recently got died , and these priests remembered a lot of the praises of the community chief and the stories of victory over the asurs / Rakkas i.e. the Original
indian inhabitants or the dravidian people who are now the south indian peoples of today.
In short these aryan people gathered lot of the knowledge of religions and of the medicinal properties of the vegetables as they burnt down the leaves and flowers in the fires, the aroma from the smokes of those fires make them feel good, these fires were latter known as the Hawans of the brahimins.
The persons knowledgeable in the herbal medicinal properties and the knowledge of the poems and religions became known as brahimins, these were sitting in the dark shadows of the trees offering services to the people in sickness and performing religious duties became priest, as they were not working to gather fruits from the forest, they were supplied with fruits and food by the other aryan community, these sitting priest felt more superior than the other working people, as they remained sitted in the shadows of the trees, their skin colour remained fair and their bodies became more soft, these people were considered learned people because they were having practical knowledge of the medicinal herbs and they can sing songs to ward off the bad omens and they can sooth the dead peoples relatives.
On the other hand the aboriginal inhabitants of india remained confined in the forests, full of fears in their minds of these newly arrived white skin coloured arches and arrow bearing people who can finish them from a distance by their arrows,
The aboriginals just surrendered them very very easily without any resistance, the aboriginal inhabitants or the adivasis were very clever and intelligent people, they prefer not to confront them instead they became their workers & servants for providing them services of gathering food for them, herding their animals and fetching them water from the river banks, washing their clothes and utensils, and protecting the aryan settlements from the wild animals such as leopards and tigers and wolves by residing just outside of the settlement of the aryans.
The aryans forbade other fellow members to maintain family relations with these black, hairy and filthy untouchable people, the marriages and giving and taking of brides and grooms was prohibited as these dravidians were beasts and animals and lower and lowest of the earthen creatures in the eyes and minds of the superior race aryans.
This tradition is still followed in india, the brahimins and other aryan indians still observe this practise still today!.
This symbiosis arrangement made peace between the adivasis and the aryans, the adivasis were also having their own belief and spirituality from a time when the aryans were even not arrived in india. i.e
from Time Era of 20,000 years BC.
The aboriginal inhabitants of india which are known as adivasi were having fears in their minds and superstitious thoughts about every natural thing surrounding them, they were fearing from rocks, mountains, deep rivers, dense trees and snakes, animals, tigers and fire and even they were fearing from the sun moon and the night and the day night circles.
They thought that a person dies because of something had a bad effect on that person, the thing might be a tree a big stone or a river, or an animal, but they did not had the concept of a god, they dont know that god is also a thing .
This type of the superstitious thought is called animistic religion, this animistic religion is common in all the oceanic people who migrated from africa to all parts of the earth .
The great migration of the newly evolved homo-sapience people from the africa was at least 150000 years BC, these people migrated from africa to the europe, asia, india, russia and to the south east asia and china and americas and australia and newzealand. As these peoples were newly evolved they had very active and fast mutations in their genes , therefore whenever they settled they acquired and assimilated the local environmental and geographical conditions in their genes and adopted for it, therefore some became fair skinned, some chinese, some Caucasians, some black negro etc. and some became the indian aboriginals.
who were black, hairy, having fat lips and stout fingers of hand and feet, robust body and smelly sweats.
( The Details of this is in the paragraphs to follow this article , Appendixes of this article).
The Aboriginal peoples of india had an animistic type of religion, full of all sorts of superstitions, all types
of fears filled in their mind and they were bowing down to every thing in order to remain un hurt from their bad effects or omens. this is an evolutionary technique by which the chances of survival increases.
They were bowing down to every stone in the way which they encounter while walking in order to be spared from the bad eye or bad omen or bad effect of that thing, that place or that spirit .
Therefore they fear those things, and they want protection from their bad effects hence they do not want to hurt them.
Even today in India most people do not worship the idols only because of Love and affection towards them, but due to fear of harm from the idols or deities,
For example the idol of Ganesha is worshiped in the start of every beginning and in every work, because of the fears from him, if he is not worshiped, then he can inflict harm to the people.
He is only worshiped lest he should not inflict some mischief in the life of the people.
He is worshiped only because of this fears.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism#Etymology
Their life was going in such a way since millennia in india before the arrival of the arya people.
When the arya people arrived in india, and they easily settled in the forest and lead a peaceful life, and these arya people were not having an animistic sort of thoughts and religion, therefore they were not fearing from these thing such as the rocks and mountains, when these aboriginal people saw this , in Aryans & brahimins, the aboriginal people thought that their this fearlessness is due to their knowledge and it is due to their priesthood & superior religious powers.
Therefore those aboriginals too came to these priests for getting rid of the bad omens of these animistic spirited objects, and sought spiritual and medicinal help.
The Aryan priest, i.e. the brahimins then prescribed them some ritual, so that they can be safe from the bad effects of those things.
Once there was peace between the aryans and the Asuras, i.e. the original inhabitants of India, then their relation further developed in other faculties of the life , such as healing of the sick, warding off the bad spirits and providing employment as servants, farming and barter trading of medicinal herbs.
Once the aboriginals started believing in the spiritual powers of the brahimins, the business of the brahiminism took another stage, now they have to cater the needs of the aboriginals too along with the needs of the aryans.
because the aboriginals were asking about the religions and they wanted to know about the figures to who they will worship for becoming safe from harms.
For the aryans they had their separate religion i.e. the vedic sanatan dharma, The Aryans were not idol worshippers, and Animistic.
perhaps there might be some messengers of the God who might have prevented them to worship other things, as the all messengers of the god were teaching only one lesson and that was to worship non but a single god.
But for the aboriginals the Aryans had nothing as information about their gods, therefore the brahimins wrote literature for the aboriginals by asking them the names of their deities who they bow down daily,
The Brahiminism now became a profession, the brahimin now no need to work, he was only providing religious services.
and for religious services he wanted to charge some fees.
There is innate tendency in people to avoid payments of any sorts for any services availed, therefore the brahimins developed some techniques for extracting money and things as barter for the services rendered, to the people.
The techniques developed by the brahimins were to induce fear in the minds of the people, so that they will forced to pay the prescribed fees.
Another technique deviced by the brahimins is to get people engaged with the religion, for this they composed stories and mythologies so that the people will be attracted and become engaged.
another technique developed by the brahimins was to ignite hopes in the minds of the people about the gods, so that people will pay offerings and hence the brahimin will manage his expenses and maintain his family without working physically.
It is a common practice of the priests to perform the religious services in behalf of the people and obtain fees from them.even today.
Now the Aryans and the aboriginals has a common priest for them, and these aryan brahimins and their other offspring spread in the length and breadth of the india, they settled in each village and town and started the profession of priesthood and brahiminhood.
As the brahimin in each village, in each community and in each town was the sole religious and spiritual service provider for the aboriginals and aryan people, therefore every body followed him and the religion of everybody became the religion of everybody.
( At this point in history the animism and the sanatan dharma intermingled in each other due to monetary benefits of the brahimins. This happened unknowingly & unintentionally.).
As the profession of brahiminism developed, the brahimins now made separate groups of the society of people to smoothly run the local government, the brahimins divided the works among people.
They made their some relatives as chief of the clan to administer the law and order. this chief later became Raja and rajpoots.
They are also known as kshatriyas, the shatriyas meaning the protectors and defenders. or king. then the brahimins further distributed work to other relatives as business men, to other as farmers and still to others as crafts men.
They are known as the Vaishays.
now only remained the aboriginals, now the brahimins gave them the work of providing domestic services to all other members of the society.
Then the brahimins allotted them the Class of Shudras.
The aboriginals were the chauffeurs, cloth washers, sewage cleaners toilet cleaners and shoe makers and animal hurdlers, barbers, and blacksmith, carpenters, masons,weavers, snake charmers, craftsmen, potters, etc.
This division of the work was later became permanent and each strata of this system looks another either as superior to ones or inferior to one self.
Now henceforth we have all four classes of the society or castes in indian terms as the superior most are the Brahimins, then the shatriyas, then the Vaishas, then the inferior most are the Shudras.
All classes of the people or all castes of the indian people are further subdivided infinitely by the brahimins . therefore we have innumerable surnames and classes of the people in india today.
The Shudras are further subdivided in innumerable inferior classes , and each class has his surname denoting the most inferior items and things and acts to indicate its inferiority.
for example, the boulders of rock is inferior to the mountain, If someone has the surname of Pahade, i.e. the Mountain, therefore the inferior people were allotted the surname of a boulder i.e. the Dagadu, the further inferior one will become mud, the further inferior one will be called as shewale or bendade, the like this so and so.
( The Shewade meaning is the algae in the sewage water, and the Bendade meanings is the rotten sewage water of the sewage gutter ).
The Brahimins imaginated that of the image of the supreme god as a man in standing position, now
The Brahimins are made from the head of the god, the kshatriyas from the Chest of that God, and the Vaishyas are made from the belly or the abdomen of the god and the lower and the lowest people i.e. the shudras are from the lowest body part i.e. the legs and feet of that god,.
As the people sink lowest they are made from further lower body part, such as abdomen, buttocks or ass , and thighs and legs and feet etc.
All superior people and castes are Aryan and All inferior people and castes are aboriginals and descendants of the original indian inhabitants such as adivasis and asuras and dravidian people.
Because the common people i.e. the aboriginals were so overwhelmingly in fear from the military mights and superiority of the aryan people, therefore they quietly obeyed all these classifications and divisions of the castes and sub classes of the society and they remained agreeing to this.
The Brahmans became the knowledge bearers and teachers and professors and doctors and scientists and engineers , astronomers and fortunetellers and priest and religious permit bearers.
https://www.ambedkaritetoday.com/2019/04/origin-and-history-of-castes.html
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35650616
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit#:~:text=Dalit%20is%20a%20vernacular%20form,one%20of%20the%20four%20Varnas%22.
https://www.reddit.com/r/india/comments/4hszab/what_is_an_embarassing_namesurname_in_india/
Here the sanatan dharma merged with the animism of the aboriginals of india, The aboriginals thought that the brahimin is following the same religion, i.e. the animistic religion of the aboriginals , and therefore he happily followed whatever the brahimin prescribed for him as a religion.
In other direction the brahimin was only pretending to follow the animistic religion of the aboriginal but actually he was fooling him and in his heart he is not following the nonsense animistic religion of the aboriginal, the
brahimin has his own sanatan religion for himself and for his community and offspring and for the pure aryan people.
In the process of deceiving the aboriginals the brahimins got self deceived and thus the two 180 degree opposite religions intermingle in each other and an amalgamation of hinduism was thus evolved out and what we see today is this religion.
in the beginning the aryan priest and brahimins were only pretending to follow the religion of the aboriginals
and they were prescribing rituals and writing the mythologies for the aboriginals but slowly and unseeingly or inadvertently or unintentionally
in the process of deception the aboriginals the aryans priests or the brahimins too started following the animistic religion and thus got self deceived.
note that the sanatan dharma was strict mono theistic and denounces all sorts of idol worship and animisms.
From here the organized religion started for the aboriginals of the india,.
Sanskrit language was kept for the brahimins and for sanatan dharma and for the aryan people
and prakrit languages were developed for the aboriginal masses and for fabricating mythologies
and stories for the aboriginals to get them engaged with the brahimins for obtaining food and
services from the masses by creating hope/fears and attractions in the minds of the people, the pornography was employed for attracting the young generation & wealthy people towards the religious camps i.e ashrams.
As the Brahimins know that this new hindu religions is not their religion therefore they felt no shame or any regret for introducing such bad things in the mythology and attributting the bad acts to the gods of the aboriginals.
There are millions of gods , even one of them all is even not mentioned in the vedas, this is the proof that the sanatan dharma and the religion of the aboriginals are two entirely different things and all these gods of the hinduism are not any mentionable thing in the sanatan dharma.
Therefore the brahimins are fearless to attribute all sorts of bad things to the gods of the common people, and go on creating mythologies to get people attached to the religion and to make money.
Prior to this, the aryan brahimins were having monotheistic thoughts, they were not bowing down to the stones and animals and trees.
The Aryans developed a monotheistic religion by then and they termed it as Sanatan dharma, sanatan dharma means a natural instinct religion.
The sanatan dharma of the aryans was pure, it did not promoted idol worship, it did not recognised multitudes of gods, it only praised the natural forces, the sanatan dharma also did not recognised any God either.
There was not concept of the God in the early aryan sanatan dharma.
The aryan brahimins were thinking that every thing happens by natural forces, if you make favorable contribution in the natural process, then you will get favourable results.
The aryan sanatan dharma belives in cause and effect,. If you do something, then there will happen something.
Therefor in sanatan dharma the brahimins resorts to do something to obtain some favorable results,., they call it doing upay, UPAY means some remedy.
The Aryan Brahimins Doing Hawan
Burning of Herbs and Oil
They believe in doing something to obtain some results
The pure aryan sanatan dharma has latter developed many books, such as vedas, upnishads, shruti books, and smirti books.
The shruti books means the revealed books by the natural forces to the pious rishis, . the smirti books means the remembered verses from the revealed passages.
The sanatan dharma is 180 opposite to the animistic religion of the aboriginal inhabitants of the india.
The sanatan dharma and the aryan brahimins are only 20 % in indian population.
On the other hand the aboriginal inhabitants of the India which are known as adivasi and today they constitute 80 %
of the india population and these people are the all non arya population of the india today, prominent in them are the south indians, the dalits or the untouchable or the shudras and the all non upper class hindus of the india , these
aboriginals constitute 80 % of the total indian population.
Because the sanatan dharma is a different religion and it is a religion of a totally different people therefore it is 180 degrees opposite to the local aboriginal animistic religion of the local people of india.
In Animistic religion every thing is considered as possessing some spiritual powers therefore every thing is worshippable and deemed to be a demi god.
The original inhabitants of india constitutes 80 % of the total indian population and because they have this animistic
religion deeply rooted in their ranks, they are following these animistic feelings and religion and they very easily tend to bow down to every thing literally, to the animals, and in modern times they even bow down to the cars, motor cycles, tractors and machinery worship is very common in india.
The Animism is still today in the Indian Hindus, because they believe spiritual powers and god in every
gravel and pebble and every grain of the sand !
On the other hand the sanatan dharma is a totally different ideology, there can be no reconciliation between sanatan dharma and the animistic religion of the original inhabitants of india.,
The sanatan dharma denounces the worship of all demi gods, it has its own pure and clean books, i.e. the vedas.
time era 3000 years to 2000 years BC
Now come to the time of arrival of the aryans in india., After the settlements of aryans in india, the aboriginals surrendered to the aryans in all respects, there remained no resistance of any sort, the aboriginals accepted these
aryans as their masters, and the aboriginals started coming for solutions for their all sorts of problems to the
brahimins, because the brahimins were learned people, they had knowledge of medicines, they had solution for the spiritual
needs of the common people, therefore all people just believed whatever the brahimins prescribed for the common people.
The Adivasis were the servants of the aryans, when they sought spiritual help from their aryan masters, then these brahimins
i.e. the aryan masters prescribed them some rituals to perform as a means of upay to get rid of the bad effects of the
harmful deity of the demi god.
In this time the brahimins composed and wrote hundreds of stories and books to cater the spiritual needs of the aboriginal
inhabitants,
The Demi gods and animistic deities of the aboriginal inhabitants of india were not the Gods of the Aryans and brahimins
Therefore the brahimins or the followers of Sanatan dharm were not respecting them, but The brahimins used the names of
the demigods of the aboriginals and made stories and mythology books and spiritual rituals by using the names of those
animiastic demi gods of the aboriginal inhabitants of india in order to cater the needs of these aboriginals,
because the animism was deeply rooted in the thoughts of these aboriginals, the brahimins could not make any appeal by
replacing those names of their demigods.
So hundreds of the religious and spiritual stories are formulated and distributed in the length and breadth of the india
as these aboriginals were in innumerable quantity in india, so these stories were distributed in each and every community
in each and every village of india as each and every village of india had its own priest and brahimin.
All brahimins of India were gathering in once in a year or once in 6 years or once on 12 years or at least once
in his life in kumbh mela and Maha Kumbh in haridwar to reconcile the written stories with one another as the gathered
stories must be available to other parts of india and updating is thus done to make it authentic.
How they reconcile the individually written stories ? , they gather in the Hindu mahasabha type of gatherings and
exchange the fabricated stories each writer from every corner of india and thus they have unified sacred texts.
The stories of the demigods were composed and written, and the aboriginals believed them and followed them, because
the aboriginal or the adivasis thought that whatever the brahimins are telling will be correct and true, because
he is knowledgeable and literate persons, therefore he cannot be wrong.
But the Aryan Brahimins who were actually the Followers of the sanatan dharma know that these demi gods are nothing but superstitions and they have no value.
the brahimins do not believe in them but because of the profession of priesthood they are making such stories,.
therefore you can find most of those stories very much derogatory and insulting those demi gods,
most of the stories are self contradictory and easily falsifiable, most of the stories portrays those demi gods are doing mean things and indulged in mean matters. sex offenders and even derailing of pious peoples from worship, and
pornographic accounts of the gods and deities. For the proof see the khajoraho temple statues, you will find
pornography of the deities., Not only khajoraho, but the pornographic idols and pornographic deities are scattered
in all over the india in each and every corner and each and every ancient temple architecture.
Their sacred text are full of these filthy stories.
If anybody mentions that such and such is written in your texts, then the followers of the sanatan dharma tells
that so and so is not our religious book, so and so is not our scripture.
Here the followers of the sanatan dharma are right in their sayings, because those are not their sacred books
either, their sacred books are only vedas !, because their religion is not hinduism, but their religion and
their god is different, their religion is sanatan dharma, which is 180 degrees opposite to the hindu dharma of the
common people,. the common people are the original inhabitants of india,. who were animistic religion by default.
These same followers sanatan dharma proudly says that in so and so book this is written and it is according to
the modern science 100 % correct, but these same people deny those very book if someone points some flaw in it.
hypocrisy is also in their religion because their religion is mixture of everything.
This is the reason, why those ancient writers wrote derogatory and pornographic mythology of the Hindu deities, those
writers were not respecting the deities of the aboriginals, hence they wrote everything bad about them.
This contradiction in the hinduism only can be explained by fully understanding the history and the Aryan invasion
concept and fact of ancient history deep in the BC era.
because the brahimins has no faith in the demi gods of the aboriginals, they are free to attribute and write any bad and worst thing about these demigods.
This is the reasons, why we find bad and worst things attributted to the gods in hindu sacred texts.
The stories were written only to cater the spiritual needs of the aboriginals, and to obtain money and food
from them as a charge of the service provided.
This is the reason why the beliefs and sects in hinduism have 180 degrees difference. as the brahimins of different
parts and villages of ancient India were writing stories by their own self , so to reconcile it with a unified
book The Brahmans deviced a mechanism of reconciliation. This mechanism was to meet at a certain place at fixed
certain years after certain time , this grand meeting of all brahimins of all india was proposed in Kumbh mela,
in kumbh mela all brahimins of each and every portion of india meet each other and share and reconcile the stories
therefore all stories are similar in india.
Now you can understand that why it is very difficult even for the scholars of the hinduism to define what is the
hinduism.
Due to the obscurity of thousands of years on this process the present day common brahimins too forgot what their
ancestors had done with the religion of the aboriginals and why there is so much differences in the hinduism of
india in todays times.
The Hinduism of Today is not the religions of the aryas and of the brahimins, but the religion of the aryas and the
brahimins is the sanatan dharma. ( which is monotheistic and 180 degrees opposite to the animism ).
The Hinduism of today is the religion of the 80 % population who are the original inhabitants of the India and who
are the true descendants of the aboriginal peoples of india who were the rakshasa or the asuras of the time of the
aryas arrival. These asuras were living in india as they were the original aboriginal people of india.these are
the adivasis and dalits and south indians and the non aryans of todays india.
=============
400 BC to 700 AD/CE.
Once there was a time in India when 90 % of Indians were Buddhists, Emperor Ashok constructed thousands of the
buddhist stupa and subsequent kings followed him, but the Brahamins took hold of some kings and in the patronage of
these kings their leader Adi Shankracharya Demolished thousands of the Buddhists stupas and he killed thousands of
the Buddhists monks and by using the same ruins of the Buddhist temples the adi shankaracharya rebuilt hindu temples
and still today we find many buddhists statues in the hindu temple materials and in walls and on stairs. Sex was used
to attract people towards the hindu religion as the Buddhism was not supporting explicit sex in public area.
http://bapumraut.blogspot.com/2013/02/how-adi-shankara-destroyed-buddhism-and.html
https://velivada.com/2017/10/31/hindu-violence-buddhism-india-no-parallel/
https://velivada.com/2016/02/27/how-brahmins-killed-buddhism-in-india/
https://velivada.com/2018/02/08/brahmanist-assault-buddhists/
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( Some nationalist and religious fascist groups of people oppose the concept of Aryan Invasion of India, because they think that. this concept can sow the seeds of hatred in the minds of the aboriginals, therefore those groups denounce
the Aryan Invasion theory,. but it is the denial of the actual fact !, denying a fact only because some gains on the scarification of the historical reality is just plane deception.
The Aryan Invasion concept clearly describe the 180 degree differences in the hinduism, without the aryan invasion theory
no one can define what hindu religion is, because you cannot define the hinduism, this is the main reason , why the great hindu scholars were unable to define the hindu religion.,
the Aryan invasion concept is that fact which answers many unanswered questions surrounding the mystery of hinduism.), instead the religious fascist and fanatic groups claim
that the Aryan did not came to india from outside , but they migrated from india to other parts of the world, the fanatics claim that the aryans are the original inhabitants of india, their this claim is ridiculous, archaeology did not support this, mohenjodaro and harappa are open proof that the aryan were even not aware of them.).
Their another ridiculous claim is that the North pole was in India at the time of Arya migrating to
the different continents from India !, this ridiculous claim is just the same as the ancient people
were believing that the Earth is the center of the universe and the sun , Moon and this whole
Universe is revolving around our Earth and we are in the center of the Universe !.
If there are many questions and there are no answers for these questions yet but if there is
a theory which gives all the answers of those questions satisfactorily, then this theory now
becomes a fact., therefore the theory of aryan Invasion gives the answers surrounding the
hindu religion satisfactorily, therefore this theory now becomes a fact.
Some fascist hindu orgnisations and people want to hide and wipe the true history of india to cover the crimes
of the aryans against the aboriginal people of india.
you will know who are the original people of india and who are the outsiders from the theory of aryan invasion.
--------------
From here there are some topics I had gathered to make this Article, you can read it for
your knowledge. ( It is optional and not compulsory for you to read it, but it is full of knowledge.)
-----------------
You may find more information in the following paragraphs which are copied from internet than
from my this article, therefore please read them too. !.
---------------------
From here begins the Appendixes of the explanation regarding
The Religion of the primitive people, i.e. the default religion is Animism, you will find
the explanation of this, the second thing which you will find in these appendixes is the
route and history of the Early great migration of the newly evolved humans , third thing
you will find here is the various definitions of the Hindu Religion from the Internet copy,
the Fourth thing you will find here is the some Details of the sacred texts of the hindu religion.
What is Yoga ?
for this
please see the bottom of this page.
-----------------------------------
Thus the Hindu Religion at present is a religion fabricated by the brahimins for the aboriginals of India, the
brahimins have their separate religion, they have their separate books and they have their separate god too,
The religion of the brahimins is Sanatan Dharma, this sanatan religion is entirely different from the Hindu Dharma,
The Gods and deities mentioned in the Hindu Religion are not mentioned in the books of the sanatan religion, the
Books of the Sanatan religion are the 4 Vedas.
There are more than two dozen books for the Hindu Religion, mostly written in prakrit language, few in sanskrit
language , and Therefore it is very difficult to define Why the Hindu religion has so much differences in belief
and doctrines and why it has bad accounts regarding different gods and deities.
The Hindu religion is an amalgamation of Animism and different fabricated mythologies created by the Brahimins
for keeping the people attracted to the office of the brahimins .
Therefore any religion which is a mixture of different ideas and beliefs cannot give any guarantee of salvation.
The Modern Hindu religion is followed by the people of India in the hope that it will give them salvation.
Most modern Hindu religion followers do not know the very details of their religion, they just follow it, without
even thinking about it.
The Sanatan Dharm followers do not believe in the various gods and their mythology, they believe in the vedas and
in the vedic religion, the vedic religion is followed by the brahimins and arya samaji people, the common people
of India follow the hindu religion, this hindu religion and its all gods and deities are not mentioned in the vedas,
There are two parallel religions in india, one is the animistic religion of the aboriginals which is the hindu religion
and another is the vedic religion, which is sanatan dharma or religion of the aryan people.
The common indian people follow the mixture of these two religions.
This is the summary of the Hinduism.
in the following paragraphs I had gathered some articles for making this main article on hindu religion, you can
read these following paragraphs as they contain some more information, I had gathered these articles from various
web sites from the internet.
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Apart from committing rape and engaging in other such acts, Hindu gods are depicted in Hindu scripture as committing murder and matricide.
Hindu gods are depicted in books and online as weapon-wielding fierce figures. Whilst the media goes into a frenzy every now and then about ‘Mozlems’ and their “violence,” we find hardly any mention of the Hindutva mobs terrorizing innocent men, women, and children. Burning their homes and committing sexual assaults.
RELATED: Remember When Hindutva Called for Gang Rape of Muslim Women?
The irony is those who claim, “Hinduism is a peaceful religion, you don’t understand, Read in the proper context.”
Let us study a few examples of the many Hindu gods and their violence against innocent people.
Vishnu
Matsya Purana 178.6-22 ”He is my enemy. He is the destroyer of my elders, He lived in the oceans, destroyed the demons Madhu and Kaitabha. It can be said that as long as he lives, the war between us will not end. There will be a most fearful fight between Him and me. He has killed many demons in this battle. He is very cruel. He has not shown His clemency even to the children and the woman of the demons killed. He is shameless. He is Visnu. He is the heaven of the Devas. He sleeps on the Sesa serpent…”
Matsya Purana Part I, 47.101-105 “At that, both Indra and Visnu were overcome with fear and began to contrive some means of escape. Visnu said to Indra:- ‘How shall we escape from her?’ Indra replied:- ‘Lord! kill her before she consumed me. I am solely protected by you, destroy her soon without delay.’ Visnu thought over the great sin of killing a woman, in spite of that, he took up his Sudarsana Chakra to free Himself from that impending calamity. Trembling with fear, on thinking over the consequences of her anger and being afraid of the consequences of His own wrath, He severed her head with His Chakra. The sage Bhrigu then cursed Visnu for killing his wife.”
Parashurama: Avatar of Vishnu
Mahabharata Vana Parva 3.116 “And then Rama, the slayer of hostile heroes, came to the hermitage, last of all. Him the mighty-armed Jamadagni, of great austerities, addressed, saying, ‘Kill this wicked mother of thine, without compunction, O my son.’ Thereupon Rama immediately took up an axe and therewith severed his mother’s head.”
Krishna
Srimad Bhagavatam 10.41.36-37 “Fools, get out of here quickly! Don’t beg like this if You want to stay alive. When someone is too bold, the King’s men arrest him and kill him and take all his property. As the washerman thus spoke brazenly, the son of Devaki became angry, and then merely with His fingertips He separated the man’s head from his body.”
Rama
Ramayana of Valmiki, Uttara Kanda 7, Chapter 75-76 ”On this that Prince born of Raghu approached the one who had given himself up to rigorous practices and said:- ”Blessed art thou, O Ascetic, who art faithful to thy vows! From what caste art thou sprung, O Thou who hast grown old in mortification and who art established in heroism. I am interested in this matter, I Rama, the son of Dasaratha. What purpose hast thou in view? Is it heaven or some other object? What boon dost thou seek by means of this hard penance? I wish to know what thou desirest in performing these austerities, O Ascetic. May prosperity attend thee! Art thou a brahmin? Art thou an invincible Kshatriya? Art thou a Vaishya, one of the third caste or art thou a Shudra? Answer me truthfully!”…Hearing the words of Rama of imperishable exploits, that ascetic, his head still hanging downwards, answered:- ”O Rama, I was born of a Shudra alliance and I am performing this rigorous penance in order to acquire the status of a God in this body. I am not telling a lie, O Rama, I wish to attain the Celestial Region. Know that I am a Shudra and my name is Shambuka.” As he was yet speaking, Raghava, drawing his brilliant and stainless sword from its scabbard, cut off his head. The Shudra being slain, all the Gods and their leaders with Agni’s followers, cried out, ”Well done! Well done!” overwhelming Rama with praise, and a rain of celestial flowers of divine fragrance fell on all sides, scattered by Vayu.”
Kalki
Vayu Purana I.58.76-83 “He will be called Pramiti. He was born of a part of Visnu formerly in the Svayambhuva Manvantara. He wandered over the earth for full twenty years. He led an army consisting of cavalry, chariots and elephants. He was surrounded by hundreds and thousands of Brahmanas armed with weapons. He killed Mlecchas in thousands. He went everywhere. After killing the kings born of Sudra women, he exterminated the heretics. He killed thousands of persons who were not religious and righteous. He killed those born of mixed castes as well as those who depended on them. He killed the Udicyas (northerners), Madya Desyas (people of the Middle Land), mountain-dwellers, easterners, westerners, dwellers in Vindhya and Aparanta. He killed the southerners, Dravidas, Simhalas, Gandharas, Paradas, Pahlavas, Yavanas, Tusaras, Barbaras, Cinas, Sulikas, Daradas, Khasas, Lampakas, Ketas, and the different tribes of Kratas.”
Reading such graphic acts of violence against women and children, even in context is quite frankly horrific.
RELATED: When the Gods Won’t Take No for an Answer: Rapist Gods in Hinduism
But the larger point is, why would a god need to murder? If gods are so powerful, why do they have to resort to these very human-like behaviors against their enemies? These gods behave like humans, not even particularly good or moral humans. So who would be inspired to worship such weak, petty gods? Who would be inspired to dedicate their lives to such deities?
It defies all common sense.
Notes
Citations sources from: Vedkabhed.com
Mufti Abdullah Moolla
Mufti Abdullah Moolla
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_in_India
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_atheism
https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/openindia/why-i-decided-to-reject-hinduism/
https://muslimskeptic.com/2021/09/02/violence-and-murder-by-hindu-gods-in-hindu-scriptures/
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Who were the aboriginal people of India by race therefor ?.
for the answer of this question please read this following paragraphs which I copied from either wikipedia and
some other from different websites from the internet.
In the stone age and during the pre iron age this land of india was inhabited by the Original inhabitants of
India, these originals inhabitants are Dravidian people, and vaddars , and aboriginal people of India today they are known as
Adivasi, they includes, Gond, Bheel, Vadar, shudras,etc. For adivas see ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adivasi ).
( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_India ).
There are more than 700 tribal groups in India. The major Scheduled Tribes (Adivasi) are;
Asurs , Baigas, Bhils, Santhals, Shudras, the Dalits, Orissa people, bihari, etc and etc. and etc.
The Dravidian peoples are the Telugu people, the Madrasis and Tamil people, the Malabari people of Kerala and Karnataka
The South Indian people of Black complexsion and curly hairs, vadars and malyali peoples.
These oboriginal indians make up of 80% of indian race, they are 80 % in racially in India. the other 20 % include
Aryan people and Muslims of Middle eastern countries.
The Aryan race is just under 20% in india, the remaining 80 % are the original adivasi or oboriginal people.
They were living in India from very very ancient time, they were inhabiting this Land before the time when the Harappa and
Mohenjodaru were still alive, they were inhabitting the India before the Stone age and from before the Iron age, these
were the very primitive indigenous and aboriginal people. Ethnically and racially they are related with the
austrolio ocianic or Austroasiatic people with mixed race from the african black people of Madagascar and socotra they are racially related
with the indigenous peoples of Oceania are Aboriginal Australians, Papuans, and Austronesians (Melanesians, Micronesians,
and Polynesians. These indigenous peoples have a historical continuity with Hawaii, New Caledonia, Guam, and
Northern Mariana Islands, Red indians, of Americas, indigenous peoples make up the majority of the populations of Oceania.
These people were living in India from the pre stone age, for your understanding consider that they werer living
in India thousands and Thousands of years before the aryan people Arrived in India. These people are the original
inhabitants of India and they are the real aboriginal people of India, in ancient times , people set sails in seas
in the search of food and they follow the coastline, their boats were not big and advanced, therefore they were following
the coastline always, but some times due to bad weather and the unpredictable wild winds and occasional hurricanes
their boats gots astray and they reached far away and deep in the ocean in other islands and far away continents,
such as australia, newzealand, indonesia and madagascar and african south tips and americas.
Ancient people first evolved in Africa started migration towards asia, europe by land and in oceana by sea sails.
These migrations was in groups, some group reached asia, some europe, some to china and some to India.
These oceanic people were living in India and these are the real Indian Inhabitants, who have racially relation and DNA
relations with the oceanic people, I have describes the oceanic peoples in great details in the above paragraph.
The aryan people arrived in India Thousands of years after the death of the Harappa and Mohenjodaru cities.
Now come to the point,
What was the religion of these real inhabitants of india ? , The aboriginal people follow animistic religions
in all over the world, their religion is the same animistic type of religion, where they were believing in the
powers of the natural things, they belived in the spiritual powers in mountains, in the trees, in the rivers
and in the sun and moon and in the stars, and in the animals and tigers and elephants and snakes and even in the
stones and caves and in some shamanic people.
Adivasi beliefs vary by tribe, and are usually different from the historical Vedic religion,
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adivasi ).
---------------------------------------------
Now please read what is the religion known as ANIMISM.
This Animism is a universal religion, i.e. it was practised by virtually every human settlement in the ancient past.
Animism
( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism#Etymology ).
Main article: Animism
Animism (from Latin animus, -i "soul, life") is the worldview that non-human entities (animals, plants, and inanimate objects or phenomena) possess a spiritual essence. The Encyclopaedia of Religion and Society estimates that 1–5% of India's population is animist.[83] India's government recognises that India's indigenous subscribe to pre-Hindu animist-based religions.[84][85]
Animism is used in the anthropology of religion as a term for the belief system of some indigenous tribal peoples,[86] especially prior to the development of organised religion.[87] Although each culture has its own different mythologies and rituals, "animism" is said to describe the most common, foundational thread of indigenous peoples' "spiritual" or "supernatural" perspectives. The animistic perspective is so fundamental, mundane, everyday and taken-for-granted that most animistic indigenous people do not even have a word in their languages that corresponds to "animism" (or even "religion");[88] the term is an anthropological construct rather than one designated by the people themselves.
Animism (from Latin: anima meaning 'breath, spirit, life')[1][2] is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence.[3][4][5][6] Animism perceives all things—animals, plants, rocks, rivers, weather systems, human handiwork, and in some cases words—as being animated, having agency and free will.[7] Animism is used in anthropology of religion as a term for the belief system of many Indigenous peoples[8] in contrast to the relatively more recent development of organized religions.[9] Animism is a metaphysical belief which focuses on the supernatural universe (beyond logical foundations and procedures): specifically, on the concept of the immaterial soul.[10]
Although each culture has its own mythologies and rituals, animism is said to describe the most common, foundational thread of indigenous peoples' "spiritual" or "supernatural" perspectives. The animistic perspective is so widely held and inherent to most indigenous peoples that they often do not even have a word in their languages that corresponds to "animism" (or even "religion").[11] The term "animism" is an anthropological construct.
Largely due to such ethnolinguistic and cultural discrepancies, opinions differ on whether animism refers to an ancestral mode of experience common to indigenous peoples around the world or to a full-fledged religion in its own right. The currently accepted definition of animism was only developed in the late 19th century (1871) by Edward Tylor. It is "one of anthropology's earliest concepts, if not the first."[12]
Animism encompasses beliefs that all material phenomena have agency, that there exists no categorical distinction between the spiritual and physical world, and that soul, spirit, or sentience exists not only in humans but also in other animals, plants, rocks, geographic features (such as mountains and rivers), and other entities of the natural environment. Examples include water sprites, vegetation deities, and tree spirits, among others. Animism may further attribute a life force to abstract concepts such as words, true names, or metaphors in mythology. Some members of the non-tribal world also consider themselves animists, such as author Daniel Quinn, sculptor Lawson Oyekan, and many contemporary Pagans.[13].
( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism#Etymology ).
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I had gathered information from the internet to write this article, please read this my gathered notes also,..
People have written very long articles to define what is hindu religion, but I will explain it in the most concise and shortest way .
When the aryans arrived in india, there were already some peoples residing in india, these people were austro oceanic people
believing in all sorts of animistic believes,
the oceanic people were african and ausralic oceanic origins.
these people are the original inhabitants of india prior to the arrivals of the aryans in india.
these people are the south indians of today, these are malbaris, tamils, telugu and marathas and dravidian people of todays india,
the orignal people of the india are shudras and they were termed as asuras and rakshasas or rakkas.
The Hinduism begins with the arrival of aryans in india, the aryans were following an entirely alien and different
religion than the original inhabitants of india.
as the aryans took hold of the country they became priets because they were literate and can read and write in the other hand
the aboriginal indians were not literate and they cannot read and write,
therefore the oboriginals followed this aryan priests,
these aryan priests later became the brahimins.
these brahimins formulated two different regimes of religion, one for the aryans, and another for the aboriginals.
the one for the aryans was known as the sanatan dharma.
the other religions for the commoners was an animistic religion from the ancient times, therefore the brahimins
contributed by writing stories and myths for the commoners, mostly these stories were satirical and derogatory and blasphemous, for the deities of the commoners, but the commoners believed the brahimins,
During the long course of thousands of years there were innumerable writers and contributors who thought and write
different ideas and believes and opinions in the religion and therefore it accumulated a huge amount of doctrines
on each and every topic and subject, those writers kept on making trial and error type of doctrines and opinions,
therefore you can find all sort of concepts in the sacred writings, they are very oftern contradictory to each other
their doctrines, theories and ideas and beliefs are in all subjects, they are just like a garbage mountain where you can
find all sorts of item and things, or you can imagine their wealth of the accumulated knowledge as a junk yard or a
scrap dealers yard where you can search whatever you want from the junk dumped on the site.
therefore we can find any concept we want today in from the sacred books of these people.
------------------------------------------
People try to define " What is Hinduism ".
Almost all scholars are struggling to define the hindu religion because it does not have a common ground.
Unlike many other religions, Hinduism cannot be traced to a single founder,
single scripture, or commonly agreed upon set of teachings. Throughout its
long history, there have been contributions by many important figures who
had different teachings and different philosophies, and who wrote many holy
books. Therefore, some writers think of Hinduism as being a way of life or a
family of religions rather than a single religion.
It is an amorphous collection of varied beliefs and you can believe in whatever you want, and still call yourself a Hindu. There is no good Hindu or bad Hindu,
Hinduism does not neatly fit into the normal definition of religion as there is no founder, the highest Supreme (Brahman) is not directly worshiped. Hinduism is a collection of believes / philosophies / sciences of the people from the region of the Indus valley.
Hinduism does not have any single doctrine or philosyphy which you have to obey and no one GOD. YOU CAN HAVE DIFFERENT PATHS TO ATTAIN YOUR REALIZATION. Even atheism is welcomed in hinduism.
Hinduism is a very complex Dharma and it’s not easy to define it the way Abrahamic religions are defined. However noted author Rajiv Malhotra has very beautifully defined what makes Sanatan Dharma unique in his book “Being different (2011)”.
Not History centric: The most profound truth about Hinduism is that it is not bound by history. In order to be a Muslim, you have to believe that “Prophet Mohammed was the last messenger and there is no god but one” but there is no pre condition to be a Hindu. This very basic tenet make is open, scientific and liberal.
2. Integral unity: Unlike Abrahamic religions where you need to have either a son of God or prophet in order to know the truth (God). But In Hinduism, you are Tat Tvam Asi meaning God resides within you. Everything living and nonliving is made out of same God. You are born divine (Sachidanand). It’s just that you are unware of it.
3. Open architecture: In Hinduism you can literally choose your own god and worship it. You will never be judged and prosecuted. It’s very rare that someone in India was prosecuted because he was an atheist. The first prime minister of India was an atheist. One of the founders of RSS were an atheist. The basic nature of Hinduism is accommodating and accepting.
What makes Hinduism unique: Suppose you are a mathematics teacher. The best way to teach a kid mathematics is to let s/he try all possible methods be it algebraic, graphs, simulator, or basic reasoning. The student will try as many methods as possible and come to the same conclusion. It doesn’t mean all attempted methods are correct. If a method is wrong, student will find a contradiction and will try another method.
Hinduism, in its narrower sense, is the conglomeration of religious beliefs and practices existing in India that have grown out of ancient Brahminism, (q.v.), and which stand in sharp contrast to orthodox, traditional Brahminism today. Hinduism is the popular, distorted, corrupted side of Brahminism. In its broad sense, it comprises those phases of religious, social, and intellectual life that are generally recognized in India today as the legitimate outgrowth of ancient Brahmin institutions, and hence are tolerated by the Brahmin priests as compatible with Brahmin traditions. Far from being a uniform system of worship, Hinduism, in this large sense,
In the pantheistic all-god Brahma, the whole world of deities, spirits, and other objects of worship is contained, so that Hinduism adapts itself to every form of religion, from the lofty monotheism of the cultivated Brahmin to the degraded nature-worship of the ignorant, half savage peasant. Hinduism, to quote Monier Williams, “has something to offer which is suited to all minds. Its very strength lies in its infinite adaptability to the infinite diversity of human characters and human tendencies.
its quiescent and contemplative side suited to the man of peace and lover of seclusion. Nay, it holds out the right hand of brotherhood to nature-worshippers, demon-worshippers, animal-worshippers, tree-worshippers, fetish-worshippers. It does not scruple to permit the most grotesque forms of idolatry, and the most degrading varieties of superstition. And it is to this latter fact that yet another remarkable peculiarity of Hinduism is mainly due—namely, that in no other system in the world is the chasm more vast which separates the religion of the higher, cultured, and thoughtful classes from that of the lower, uncultured, and unthinking masses”
to quote Monier Williams, (Brahmanism and Hinduism, 1891, p. 11).( https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/hinduism ).
( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism ).
Definitions
"Hinduism" is an umbrella-term,[45][46] referring to a broad range of sometimes opposite and often competitive traditions.[4][5][47][48] The term "Hinduism" was coined in Western ethnography in the 18th century[36][note 14] and refers to the fusion,[note 6] or synthesis,[note 7][49] of various Indian cultures and traditions,[50][note 9] with diverse roots[51][note 10] and no founder.[12] This Hindu synthesis emerged after the Vedic period, between c.?500[13]–200[14] BCE and c.?300 CE,[13] in the period of the Second Urbanisation and the early classical period of Hinduism, when the epics and the first Puranas were composed.[13][14] It flourished in the medieval period, with the decline of Buddhism in India.[15] Hinduism's variations in belief and its broad range of traditions make it difficult to define as a religion according to traditional Western conceptions.[52]
Hinduism includes a diversity of ideas on spirituality and traditions; Hindus can be polytheistic, pantheistic, panentheistic, pandeistic, henotheistic, monotheistic, monistic, agnostic, atheistic or humanist.[53][54] According to Mahatma Gandhi, "a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu".[55] According to Wendy Doniger, "ideas about all the major issues of faith and lifestyle – vegetarianism, nonviolence, belief in rebirth, even caste – are subjects of debate, not dogma."[43]
--------------------------------------
What is Hinduism?
The religion known as Hinduism is actually a collection of several associated religious traditions that originated in ancient India.
Almost all websites on the internet and all books , booklets published from all hindu orgnizations and individuals
who represent this religion present the hinduism as one of the best religion in the world
they present hinduism as the most human, as the most civilised and as the most humanity friendly and as the most
advanced and as the most lovely and as the most revelant and as the most intellectual religion in the entire world.
they quote various verses and shlokes from the sacred books to show that the hinduism is the most civilised
religions out of all other religions of the world.
In fact the hindu religion is one of the most old religion, therefore it gathered a big collection of religious
writings and concepts during its past centuries, therefore it has a huge amount of junk writings and concepts.the
hindu religion is actually just like a dumping ground of all sort of garbage of concepts and believes.
therefore we can quote almost any sort of verses and shlokes on almost any topic.
it is no surprise that we can find some good concepts and theories in the prevailing junk.
the propenants of the hindu religion selects those good writings and quote them to show that the entire hindu
religion is like this beautiful.
but actually this good writinds is just few in numbers in comparisons to the bad concepts and believes.
the good verses and shlokes are just a drop of water in comparisons of the ocean of rotten waters and sewage .
-----------------------------
One very good quality of the garbage dumping yard is that, " It offers shelter to every thing which is dumped over there ".
everything which do not have any connection or concern with each other can be a member of the dumping yard, the dumping
yard accepts everything in it, all opposite and mutually conflicting things finds a home in the dumping ground".
Therefore we cannot classify and define the characteristics of the things in a dumping yard on any specific basis.
This is the reason, why the hindu religion is so jumbling and hard to define on some fixed definitions of the religion.
-----------------------------
------------------------------
Great migration of Homosapience during 300000 to 100000 BC ago. this migration was from central africa to the all 6
six continents of the present world, even small islands were also were having arrivals of people.
humans have managed to cover an extraordinary amount of territory on this earth. Go back 200,000 years, however, and Homo sapiens was only a newly budding species developing in Africa, while perceived ancestors such as Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis had already travelled beyond Africa to explore parts of Eurasia, and sister species like the Neanderthal and Denisovan would traipse around there way before we did, too. Meanwhile, the wake-up calls of Homo floresiensis, found in Indonesia, and Homo naledi from South Africa (which do not seem to fit with previous, more linear models) serve as excellent reminders that the story of human migrations across the prehistoric landscape is far from a simple one.
----------------------
Within Africa, Homo sapiens dispersed around the time of its speciation, roughly 300,000 years ago.[note 1] The recent African origin paradigm suggests that the anatomically modern humans outside of Africa descend from a population of Homo sapiens migrating from East Africa roughly 70–50,000 years ago and spreading along the southern coast of Asia and to Oceania by about 50,000 years ago. Modern humans spread across Europe about 40,000 years ago.
======================
the Dravidians are natives of the Indian subcontinent and were present prior to the arrival of the Indo-Aryans (Indo-European speakers) in India around 3,500 years ago.
--------------------------------
How Aryan people came to INDIA.
It was German linguist Max Muller who in the 19th century proposed that 3,000-4,000 years ago an Indo-European (the Aryans) tribe invaded the subcontinent and brought along with it Indo-Aryan religion (Hinduism) , its culture and the caste system. The Aryans purportedly displaced the indigenous Dravidians, pushing them down South. and the imposition of. It proposed that substantial migrations from the Central Asian Steppe occurred between 2000 BCE and 1000 BCE, bringing Indo-European languages into India.
So far, it has served as the foundation upon which Indian history has been written. Its central premise is comprised of three major components:
The original inhabitants of India were “dark-skinned” Dravidians who established a peaceful, highly developed urban civilisation known as the Indus Valley Civilization.
The Indo-Aryans were white-skinned people who spoke Vedic Sanskrit, wrote the Vedas, and enforced Indo-Aryan religion (Hinduism).
Around 1500 BCE, a nomadic race known as the Indo-Aryans invaded and conquered India from the West. These ‘Aryans / Indo-Europeans were proposed to have a variety of homelands, including Central Asia, Scandinavia, North Germany, Hungary, and Ukraine. They destroyed the ancient Dravidian civilisation, oppressed the locals, and drove them to relocate to the south of India.
----------------------------------
Indo-Aryan peoples are a diverse collection of peoples speaking Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent. Historically, Aryans were the Indo-Iranian speaking pastoralists who migrated from Central Asia into South Asia and introduced the Proto-Indo-Aryan language.[5][6][7][8][9] The early Indo-Aryan peoples were known to be closely related and belonging to the same Indo-Iranian group that have resided north of the Indus River; an evident connection in cultural, linguistic, and historical ties. Today, Indo-Aryan speakers are found south of the Indus, across the modern-day regions of Bangladesh, Nepal, eastern-Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and northern-India.[10]
History
----------------------
the Arya people
arrived in india from the western border of india.
Contemporary Indo-Aryan people
Assamese people
Awadhi people
Banjara people
Bengali people
Bhil people
Bhojpuri people
Bishnupriya Manipuri people
Brokpa people
Chakma people
Deccani people
Dhivehi people
Dogra people
Garhwali people
Gujarati people
Halba people
Haryanvi people
Jaunsari people
Kalash people
Kashmiri people
Khas people
Kho people
Kohistani people
Konkani people
Kumauni people
Kutchi people
Magahi people
Muhajir people
Maithil people
Marathi people
Marwari people
Nagpuria people
Odia people
Palula people
Pashayi people
Pahari people
Punjabi people
Rajasthani people
Romani people
Rohingya people
Sadan people
Saraiki people
Saurashtra people
Shina people
Sindhi people
Sinhalese people
Thari people
Tharu people
Thori people
Tirahi people
Torwali people
Warli people
--------------------------------------------------------
There are 700 different tribes and indigeneous groups of peoples residing in india.
This is the List of Indigeneous indian aboriginal inhabitants of India, these peoples were living in india
prior to the arrival of the Aryan people in india
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.[1]
Andamanese, Chariar, Chari, Kora, Tabo, Bo, Yere, Kede, Bea, Balawa, Bojigiyab, Juwai, Kol
Jarawas
Nicobarese
Onges
Sentinelese
Shom Pens
Andhra Pradesh
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.[2]
Andh
Bagata
Bhil
Chenchu, Chenchwar
Gadabas
Gond, Naikpod, Rajgond
Goudu (in the Agency tracts, i.e.: Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari and Khammam districts)
Jatapus
Kammara
Kattunayakan
Kolam, Mannervarlu
Konda Dhoras
Konda Kapus
Konda Reddis
Kondhs, Kodi, Kodhu, Desaya Kondhs, Dongria Kondhs, Kuttiya Kondhs, Tikiria Kondhs, Yenity Kondhs
Kotia, Bentho Oriya, Bartika, Dhulia, Dulia, Holva, Paiko, Putiya, Sanrona, Sidhopaiko
Koya, Goud, Rajah, Rasha Koya, Lingadhari Koya (ordinary), Kottu Koya, Bhine Koya, Rajkoya
Kulia
Malis (excluding Adilabad, Hyderabad, Karimnagar, Khammam, Mahbubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Nizamabad and Warangal districts)
Manna Dhora
Mukha Dhora, Nooka Dhora
Nayaks (in the Agency tracts, i.e.: Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari and Khammam districts)
Pardhan
Porja, Parangiperja
Reddi Dhoras
Rona, Rena
Savaras, Kapu Savaras, Maliya Savaras, Khutto Savaras
Sugalis, Lambadis
Thoti (in Adilabad, Hyderabad, Karimnagar, Khammam, Mahbubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Nizamabad and Warangal districts)
Valmiki (in the Agency tracts, i.e.: Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari and Khammam districts)
Yenadis
Yerukulas
Arunachal Pradesh
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Lists (Modification) Order, 1956 and as inserted by Act 69 of 1986.[3]
All tribes in the state including:
Abor
Aka
Apatani
Dafla
Galong
Khampti
Khowa
Mishmi
Momba
Any Naga tribes
Sherdukpen
Singpho
Assam
General areas
Barmans in Cachar
Deori
Hojai
Kachari, Sonwal
Lalung
Mech
Miri
Rabha
Autonomous districts
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.[4]
The autonomous districts comprise Bodoland Territorial Council, Karbi Anglong and North Cachar Hills districts.
Bodo
Chakma
Dimasa, Kachari
Garo
Hajong
Hmar
Karbi
Khasi, Jaintia, Synteng, Pnar, War, Bhoi, Lyngngam
Any Kuki Tribes
Lakher
Man (Tai speaking)
Any Mizo (Lushai) tribes
Any Naga tribes
Pawi
Syntheng
Bihar
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.[5]
Asur
Baiga
Banjara
Bathudi
Bedia
Bhumij
Binjhia
Birhor
Birjia
Chero
Chick Baraik
Gond
Gorait
Ho
Karmali
Kharia
Kharwar
Kondh
Kisan
Kora
Korwa
Lohara, Lohra
Mahli
Mal Pahariya
Munda
Oraon
Parhaiya
Santal
Sauria Paharia
Savar
Chhattisgarh
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976 and as inserted by Act 28 of 2000.[6]
Agariya
Andh
Baiga
Bhaina
Bharia Bhumia, Bhuinhar Bhumia, Bhumiya, Bharia, Paliha, Pando
Bhattra
Bhil, Bhilala, Barela, Patelia
Bhil Mina
Bhunjia
Biar, Biyar
Binjhwar
Birhul, Birhor
Damor, Damaria
Dhanwar
Gadaba, Gadba
Gond; Arakh, Arrakh, Agaria, Asur, Badi Maria, Bada Maria, Bhatola, Bhimma, Bhuta, Koilabhuta, Kolibhuti, Bhar, Bisonhorn Maria, Chota Maria, Dandami Maria, Dhuru, Dhurwa, Dhoba, Dhulia, Dorla, Gaiki, Gatta, Gatti, Gaita, Gond, Gowari Hill Maria, Kandra, Kalanga, Khatola, Koitar, Koya, Khirwar, Khirwara, Kucha Maria, Kuchaki Maria, Madia, Maria, Mana, Mannewar, Moghya, Mogia, Monghya, Mudia, Muria, Nagarchi, Nagwanshi, Ojha, Raj Gond, 'Sonjhari, Jhareka, Thatia, Thotya, Wade Maria, Vade Maria, Daroi
Halba, Halbi
Kamar
Karku
Kawar, Kanwar, Kaur, Cherwa, Rathia, Tanwar, Chattri
Khairwar, Kondar
Kharia
Kondh, Khond, Kandh
Kol
Kolam
Korku, Bopchi, Mouasi, Nihar, Nahul, Bondhi, Bondeya
Korwa, Kodaku
Majhi
Majhwar
Mawasi
Munda
Nagesia, Nagasia
Oraon, Dhanka, Dhangad
Pao
Pardhan, Pathari, Saroti
Pardhi, Bahelia, Bahellia, Chita Pardhi, Langoli Pardhi, Phans Pardhi, Shikari, Takankar, Takia (in (i) Bastar, Dantewara, Kanker, Raigarh, Jashpurnagar, Surguja and Koria districts; (ii) Katghora, Pali, Kartala and Korba tehsils of Korba district' (iii) Bilaspur, Pendra, Kota and Takhatpur tehsils of Bilaspur district; (iv) Durg, Patan, Gunderdehi, Dhamdha, Balod, Gurur and Dondilohara tehsils of Durg district; (v) Chowki, Manpur and Mohala Revenue Inspector Circles of Rajnandgon district' (vi) Mahasamund, Saraipali and Basna tehsils of Mahasamund district; (vii) Bindra-Navagarh Rajim and Deobhog tehsils of Raipur district; and (viii) Dhamtari, Kurud and Sihava tehsils of Dhamtari district)
Parja
Sahariya, Saharia, Seharia, Sehria, Sosia, Sor
Saonta, Saunta
Saur
Sawar, Sawara
Sonr
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
In accordance with The Constitution (Dadra & Nagar Haveli) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1962.[7]
Dhodia
Dubla including Halpati
Kathodi
Kokna
KoliDhor including Kolgha
Naikda or Nayaka
Varli
Daman and Diu
In accordance with The Constitution (Goa, Daman and Diu) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1968 and as inserted by Act 18 of 1987.[8]
Dhodia
Dubla (Halpati)
Naikda (Talavia)
Siddi (Nayaka)
Varli
Goa
In accordance with The Constitution (Goa, Daman and Diu) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1968 and as inserted by Act 18 of 1987.[9]
Dhodia
Dubla (Halpati)
Naikda (Talavia)
Siddi (Nayaka)
Varli
This list has been updated by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India, to add the following three.[10]
Kunbi
Gawda
Velip
Gujarat
Main article: List of Scheduled Tribes in Gujarat
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.[11]
Barda
Bavacha, Bamcha
Bharwad (in the Nesses of the forests of Alech, Barada and Gir). The area comprises Jamnagar and Junagadh districts.
Bhil, Bhil Garasia, Dholi Bhil, Dungri Bhil, Dungri Garasia, Mewasi Bhil, Rawal Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, Bhagalia, Bhilala, Pawra, Vasava, Vasave
Charan (in the Nesses of the forests of Alech, Barada and Gir). The area comprises Jamnagar and Junagadh districts.
Chaudhri (in Surat and Valsad districts)
Chodhara
Dhanka, Tadvi, Tetaria, Valvi
Dhodia
Dubla, Talavia, Halpati
Gamit, Gamta, Gavit, Mavchi, Padvi
Gond, Rajgond
Kathodi, Katkari, Dhor Kathodi, Dhor Katkari, Son Kathodi, Son Katkari
Kokna, Kokni, Kukna
Koli (in Kutch district)
Koli Dhor, Tokre Koli, Kolcha, Kolgha
Kunbi (in the Dangs district)
Naikda, Nayaka, Cholivala Nayaka, Kapadia Nayaka, Mota Nayaka, Nana Nayaka
Padhar
Paradhi (in Kutch district)
Pardhi, Advichincher, Phanse Pardhi (excluding Amreli, Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Junagadh, Kutch, Rajkot and Surendranagar districts)
Patelia
Pomla
Rabari (in the Nesses of the forests of Alech, Barada and Gir). The area comprises Jamnagar and Junagadh districts.
Rathawa
Siddi (in Amreli, Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Junagadh, Rajkot and Surendranagar districts)
Vaghri (in Kutch district)
Varli
Vitola, Kotwalia, Barodia
Himachal Pradesh
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.[12]
Bhot, Bodh
Gaddi (excluding the territories specified in sub-section (1) of section 5 of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 (31 of 1966), other than the Lahaul and Spiti district). The areas excluded now comprise Kangra, Hamirpur, Kullu, Una and Shimla districts.
Gujjar (excluding the territories specified in sub-section (1) of section 5 of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 (31 of 1966)). The areas excluded now comprise Kangra, Hamirpur, Kullu, Una, Shimla and Lahaul and Spiti districts.
Jad, Lamba, Khampa
Kanaura, Kinnara
Lahaula
Pangwala
Swangla
Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh
In accordance with The Constitution (Jammu & Kashmir) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1989 and The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Amendment) Act, 1991.[13]
Bakarwal
Balti
Beda
Bot, Boto
Brokpa, Drokpa, Dard, and Shin(Dardic Tribes)
Changpa
Gaddi
Garra
Gujjar and Bakarwal
Mon
Purigpa
Sippi
Jharkhand
Main article: Tribes of Jharkhand
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976 and as inserted by Act 30 of 2000.[14]
Asur
Baiga
Banjara
Bathudi
Bedia
Bhumij
Binjhia
Birhor
Birjia
Chero
Chick Baraik
Gond
Gorait
Ho
Karmali
Kharia
Kharwar
Khond
Kisan
Kora
Korwa
Lohra
Mahli
MalPahariya
Munda
Oraon
Parhaiya
Santhal
Sauria Paharia
Savar
Karnataka
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976 and as inserted by Act 39 of 1991.[15]
Adiyan
Barda
Bavacha, Bamcha
Bhil, Bhil Garasia, Dholi Bhil, Dungri Bhil, Dungri Garasia, Mewasi Bhil, Rawal Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, Bhagalia, Bhilala, Pawra, Vasava, Vasave
Chenchu, Chenchwar
Chodhara
Dubla, Talavia, Halpati
Gamit, Gamta, Gavit, Mavchi, Padvi, Valvi
Gond, Naikpod, Rajgond
Gowdalu
Hakkipikki
Hasalaru
Irular
Iruliga
Jenu Kuruba
Kadu Kuruba
Kammara (in Dakshina Kannada district and Kollegal taluk of Chamarajanagar district)
Kaniyan, Kanyan (in Kollegal taluk of Chamarajanagar district)
Kathodi, Katkari, Dhor Kathodi, Dhor Katkari, Son Kathodi, Son Katkari
Kattunayakan
Kokna, Kokni, Kukna
Koli Dhor, Tokre Koli, Kolcha, Kolgha
Konda Kapus
Koraga
Kota
Koya, Bhine Koya, Rajkoya
Kudiya, Melakudi
Kuruba (in Kodagu district)
Kurumans
Maha Malasar
Malaikudi
Malasar
Malayekandi
Maleru
Maratha (in Kodagu district)
Marati (n Dakshina Kannada district)
Meda
Naikda, Nayaka, Cholivala Nayaka, Kapadia Nayaka, Mota Nayaka, Nana Nayaka, Naik, Nayak, Beda, Bedar and Valmiki
Palliyan
Paniyan
Pardhi, Advichincher, Phanse Pardhi
Patelia
Rathawa
Sholaga
Soligaru
Toda
Varli
Vitolia, Kotwalia, Barodia
Yerava
Kerala
Main article: Tribals in Kerala
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.[16]
Adiyan
Arandan
Eravallan
Hill Pulaya
Irular, Irulan
Kadar
Kammara (in the areas comprising the Malabar district as specified by sub-section (2) of section 5 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (37 of 1956)). Malabar district comprises Kannur (earlier Cannanore), Kozhikode, Malappuram districts and Palakkad (earlier Palaghat) district excluding Chittur taluk.
Kanikaran, Kanikkar
Kattunayakan
Kochu Velan
Konda Kapus
Kondareddis
Koraga
Kota
Kudiya, Melakudi
Kurichchan
Kurumans
Kurumbas
Maha Malasar
Malai Arayan
Malai Pandaram
Malai Vedan
Malakkuravan
Malasar Tribe
Malayan (in the areas comprising the Malabar district as specified by sub-section (2) of section 5 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (37 of 1956)). Malabar district comprises Kannur (earlier Cannanore), Kozhikode, Malappuram districts and Palakkad (earlier Palaghat) district excluding Chittur taluk.
Malayarayar
Mannan
Marati (in Hosdurg Taluk and Kasaragod taluks of Kasaragod district)
Muthuvan, Mudugar, Muduvan
Palleyan
Palliyan
Palliyar
Paniyan
Ulladan
Uraly
Lakshadweep
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Lists (Modification) Order, 1956 and the Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands (Alteration of Name) (Adaptation of Laws) Order, 1974.[17]
Inhabitants of the Lakshadweep who, and both of whose parents, were born in the Union Territory.
Madhya Pradesh
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.[18]
Agariya
Andh
Baiga
Bhaina
Bharia Bhumia, Bhuinhar Bhumia, Bhumiya, Bharia, Paliha, Pando
Bhattra
Bhil, Bhilala, Barela, Patelia
Bhil Meena
Bhunjia
Biar, Biyar
Binjhwar
Birhul, Birhor
Damor, Damaria
Dhanwar
Gadaba, Gadba
Gond; Arakh, Arrakh, Agaria, Asur, Badi Maria, Bada Maria, Bhatola, Bhimma, Bhuta, Koilabhuta, Koliabhuti, Bhar, Bisonhorn Maria, Chota Maria, Dandami Maria, Dhuru, Dhurwa, Dhoba, Dhulia, Dorla, Gaiki, Gatta, Gatti, Gaita, Gond Gowari, Hill Maria, Kandra, Kalanga, Khatola, Koitar, Koya, Khirwar, Khirwara, Kucha Maria, Kuchaki Maria, Madia, Maria, Mana, Mannewar, Moghya, Mogia, Monghya, Mudia, Muria, Nagarchi, Nagwanshi, Ojha, Raj, Sonjhari Jhareka, Thatia, Thotya, Wade Maria, Vade Maria, Daroi
Halba, Halbi
Kamar
Karku
Kawar, Kanwar, Kaur, Cherwa, Rathia, Tanwar, Chattri
Keer (in Bhopal, Raisen and Sehore districts)
Khairwar, Kondar
Kharia
Kondh, Khond, Kandh
Kol
Kolam
Korku, Bopchi, Mouasi, Nihal, Nahul, Bondhi, Bondeya
Korwa, Kodaku
Majhi
Majhwar
Mawasi
Mina (in Sironj sub-division of Vidisha district)
Munda
Nagesia, Nagasia
Oraon, Dhanka, Dhangad
Panika (in Chhatarpur, Datia, Panna, Rewa, Satna, Shahdol, Sidhi and Tikamgarh districts)
Pao
Pardhan, Pathari Saroti
Pardhi (in Bhopal, Raisen and Sehore districts)
Pardhi; Bahelia, Bahellia, Chita Pardhi, Langoli Pardhi, Phans Pardhi, Shikari, Takonkar,Takankar, Takia (in (i) Bastar, Chhindwara, Mandla, Raigarh, Seoni and Surguja districts; (ii) Baihar tehsil of Balaghat district; (iii) Betul and Bhainsdehi tehsils of Betul district; (iv) Bilaspur and Katghora tehsils of Bilaspur district; (v) Durg and Balod tehsils of Durg district; (vi) Chowki, Manpur and Mohala Revenue Inspectors Circles of Rajnandgaon district; (vii) Murwara, Patan and Sihora tehsils of Jabalpur district; (viii) Hoshangabad and Sohagpur tehsils of Hoshangabad district and Narsimhapur district; (ix) Harsud tehsil of East Nimar district; and (x) Dhamtari and Mahasamund districts and Bindra-Nawagarh tehsil of Raipur district)
Parja
Sahariya, Saharia, Seharia, Sehria, Sosia, Sor
Saonta, Saunta
Saur
Sawar, Sawara
Sonr
Maharashtra
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.[19]
Andh
Baiga
Barda
Bavacha, Bamcha
Bhaina
Bharia Bhumia, Bhuinhar Bhumia, Pando
Bhattra
Bhil, Bhil Garasia, DholiBhil, Dungri Bhil, Dungri Garasia, Mewasi Bhil, Rawal Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, Bhagalia, Bhilala, Pawra, Vasava, Vasave
Bhunjia
Binjhwar
Birhul, Birhor
Chodhara (excluding Akola, Amravati, Bhandara, Gondiya, Buldana, Chandrapur, Nagpur, Wardha, Yavatmal, Aurangabad, Jalna, Beed, Nanded, Osmanabad, Latur, Parbhani and Hingoli districts)
Dhanka, Tadvi, Tetaria, Valvi
Dhanwar
Dhodia
Dubla, Talavia, Halpati
Gamit, Gamta, Gavit, Mavchi, Padvi
Gond , Rajgond, Arakh, Arrakh, Agaria, Asur, Badi Maria, Bada Maria, Bhatola, Bhimma, Bhuta, Koilabhuta, Koilabhuti, Bhar, Bisonhorn Maria, Chota Maria, Dandami Maria, Dhuru, Dhurwa, Dhoba, Dhulia, Dorla, Gaiki, Gatta, Gatti, Gaita, Gond, Gowari, Hill Maria, Kandra, Kalanga, Khatola, Koitar, Koya, Khirwar, Khirwara, Kucha Maria, Kuchaki Maria, Madia, Maria, Mana, Mannewar, Moghya, Mogia, Monghya, Mudia, Muria, Nagarchi, Naikpod, Nagwanshi, Ojha, Raj, Sonjhari Jhareka, Thatia, Thotya, Wade Maria, Vade Maria
Halba, Halbi
Kamar
Kathodi, Katkari, Dhor Kathodi, Dhor Kathkari, Son Kathodi, Son Katkari
Kawar, Kanwar, Kaur, Cherwa, Rathia, Tanwar, Chattri
Khairwar
Kharia
Kokna, Kokni, Kukna
Kol
Kolam, Mannervarlu
Koli Dhor, Tokre Koli, Kolcha, Kolgha
Koli Mahadev, Dongar Koli
Malhar Koli
Kondh, Khond, Kandh
Korku, Bopchi, Mouasi, Nihal, Nahul, Bondhi, Bondeya
Koya, Bhine Koya, Rajkoya
Nagesia, Nagasia
Naikda, Nayaka, Cholivala Nayaka, Kapadia Nayaka, Mota Nayaka, Nana Nayaka
Oraon, Dhangad
Pardhan, Pathari, Saroti
Pardhi: Advichincher, Phans Pardhi, Phanse Pardhi, Langoli Pardhi, Bahelia, Bahellia, Chita Pardhi, Shikari, Takankar, Takia
Parja
Patelia
Pomla
Rathawa
Sawar, Sawara
Thakur, Thakar, Ka Thakur, Ka Thakar, Ma Thakur, Ma Thakar
Thoti (in Aurangabad, Jalna, Beed, Nanded, Osmanabad, Latur, Parbhani and Hingoli districts and Rajura tehsil of Chandrapur district)
Varli
Vitolia, Kotwalia, Barodia
Manipur
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.[20]
Aimol
Anal
Angami
Chiru
Chothe
Gangte
Hmar
Kabui
Kacha Naga
Koirao
Koireng
Kom
Lamgang
Mao
Maram
Maring
Any Mizo (Lushai) tribes
Monsang
Moyon
Paite
Purum
Ralte
Sema
Simte
Suhte
Tangkhul
Thadou
Vaiphui
Zou
Meghalaya
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976 and The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Amendment) Act, 1987.[21]
Boro Kacharis
Chakma
Dimasa, Kachari
Garo
Hajong
Hmar
Khasi, Jaintia, Synteng, Pnar, War, Bhoi, Lyngngam
Koch
Any Kuki tribes
Lakher
Man (Tai speaking)
Any Mizo (Lushai) tribes
Mikir
Any Naga tribes
Pawi
Raba, Rava
Synteng
Tripuri people
Mizoram
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Lists (Modification) Order, 1956 and as inserted by Act 81 of 1971.[22]
Chakma
Dimasa (Kachari)
Garo
Hajong
Hmar
Khasi and Jaintia (including Khasi Synteng or Pnar, War, Bhoi or Lyngngam)
Any Kuki Tribes
Lakher
Man (Tai speaking)
Any Mizo (Lushai) tribes
Mikir
Any Naga tribes
Pawi
Synteng
Riang
Nagaland
In accordance with The Constitution (Nagaland) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1970.[23]
Garo
Kachari
Karbi
Kuki
Naga
Odisha
Main article: List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.[24]
Bagata
Baiga
Banjara, Banjari
Bathudi
Bhottada, Dhotada
Bhuiya, Bhuyan
Bhumia
Bhumij
Bhunjia
Binjhal
Binjhia, Binjhoa
Birhor
Bondo Poraja
Chenchu
Dal
Desua Bhumij
Dharua
Didayi
Gadaba
Gandia
Ghara
Gond, Gondo
Ho
Holva
Jatapu
Juang
Kandha Gauda
Kawar
Kharia, Kharian
Kharwar
Khond, Kond, Kandha, Nanguli Kandha, Sitha Kandha
Kisan
Kol
Kolah Loharas, Kol Loharas
Kolha
Koli, Malhar
Kondadora
Kora
Korua
Kotia
Koya
Kulis
Lodha
Madia
Mahali
Mankidi
Mankirdia
Matya
Mirdhas
Munda, Munda Lohara, Munda Mahalis
Mundari
Omanatya
Oraon
Parenga
Paroja
Pentia
Rajuar
Santal
Saora, Savar, Saura, Sahara
Shabar, Lodha
Sounti
Tharua
Rajasthan
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.[25]
Bhil, Bhil Garasia, Dholi Bhil, Dungri Bhil, Dungri Garasia, Mewasi Bhil, Rawal Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, Bhagalia, Bhilala, Pawra, Vasava, Vasave
Bhil Mina
Damor, Damaria
Dhanka, Tadvi, Tetaria, Valvi
Garasia (excluding Rajput Garasia)
Kathodi, Katkari, Dhor Kathodi, Dhor Katkari, Son Kathodi, Son Katkari
Kokna, Kokni, Kukna
Koli Dhor, Tokre Koli, Kolcha, Kolgha
Mina
Naikda, Nayaka, Cholivala Nayaka, Kapadia Nayaka, Mota Nayaka, Nana Nayaka
Patelia
Seharia, Sehria, Sahariya
Sikkim
In accordance with The Constitution (Sikkim) Scheduled Tribes Order, 1978.[26]
Bhutia (including Chumbipa, Dopthapa, Dukpa, Kagatey, Sherpa, Tibetan, Tromopa, Yolmo)
Lepcha
Tamil Nadu
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.[27]
Adiyan
Aranadan
Eravallan
Irular
Kadar people
Kammara (excluding Kanniyakumari district and Shencottah taluk of Tirunelveli district)
Kanikaran, Kanikkar (in Kanniyakumari district and Shencottah taluk of Tirunelveli district)
Kaniyan, Kanyan
Kattunayakan
Kochu Velan
Konda Kapus
Kondareddis
Koraga
Kota (excluding Kanniyakumari district and Shencottah taluk of Tirunelveli district)
Kudiya, Melakudi
Kurichchan
Kurumbas (in the Nilgiri district)
Kurumans
Maha Malasar
Malai Arayan
Malai Pandaram
Malai Vedan
Malakkuravan
Malasar
Malayali (in Dharmapuri, Vellore, Tiruvannamalai, Pudukkottai, Salem, Namakkal, Villupuram, Cuddalore, Tiruchirappalli, Karur and Perambalur districts)
Malayekandi
Mannan
Mudugar, Muduvan
Muthuvan
Palleyan
Palliyan
Palliyar
Paniyan
Sholaga
Toda (excluding Kanniyakumari district and Shencottah taluk of Tirunelveli district)
Uraly
Tripura
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.[28]
Bhil
Bhutia
Chaimal
Chakma
Garoo
Halam
Jamatia
Khasia
Kuki
Lepcha
Lushai
Mag
Munda, Kaur
Noatia
Orang
Riang
Santal
Tripura, Tripuri,Tippera
Uchai
Uttarakhand
Formerly Uttaranchal. In accordance with The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) (Uttar Pradesh) Order, 1967 and as inserted by Act 29 of 2000.[29]
Bhotia
Buksa
Jaunsari
Raji
Tharu
Uttar Pradesh
In accordance with The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) (Uttar Pradesh) Order, 1967.[30]
Bhotia
Buksa
Jaunsari
Raji
Tharu
Agariya (in the district of Sonbhadra)
Baiga (in the district of Sonbhadra)
Bhuiya, Bhuinya (in the district of Sonbhadra)
Buksa
Chero (in the districts of Sonbhadra and Varanasi)
Gond, Dhuria, Nayak, Pathari, Raj Gond (in the districts of Maharajganj, Sidharth Nagar, Basti, Gorakhpur, Deoria, Kushinagar, Mau, Azamgarh, Jaunpur, Ballia, Ghazipur, Varanasi, Mirzapur, and Sonbhadra)
Kharwar, Khairwar (in the districts of Deoria, Balia, Ghazipur, Varanasi and Sonbhadra)
Pankha, Panika (in the districts of Sonbhadra and Mirzapur)
Parahiya (in the district of Sonbhadra)
Patari (in the district of Sonbhadra)
Saharia (in the district of Lalitpur)
West Bengal
Main article: Scheduled Tribes in West Bengal
In accordance with The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.[31]
Asur
Baiga
Bedia, Bediya
Bhumij
Bhutia, Sherpa, Toto, Dukpa, Kagatay, Tibetan, Yolmo
Birhor
Birjia
Chakma
Chero
Chik Baraik
Garo
Gond
Gorait
Hajang
Ho
Karmali
Kharwar
Khond
Kisan
Kora
Korwa
Lepcha
Lodha, Kheria, Kharia
Lohara, Lohra
Magh
Mahali
Mahli
Mal Pahariya
Mech
Mru
Munda
Nagesia
Oraon (kurukh)
Parhaiya
Rabha
Santal
Sauria Paharia
Savar
Tripuri
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What is Yoga ?
--------------------------------------
The Yoga is presented by all hindus in the western world as a cool and effective exercise,
but in reality the Yoga is not even an exercise !, but it is the religious practice of the
ancient hindu devotees.
I will explain it now for you.
In ancient times in India some religious people believe in the idols of the deities of god and
they had their some requirements, they ask from the gods to help them, and give them some favors,
but when the prayers and hopes of these devotees were not fulfilled, then these devotees used to
sit in front of the idols of the gods in protest, inflicting painful positions to the body, some
devotees stand continuously and some lie on the ground indefinitely and some other hanged themselves
from the tree branches and inflict pain to the body, believing that the god will see their pain and
fulfill their demands.
This type of sitting in the protest in front of the government offices is still widely practiced in india.
The Yoga is a protest to the God, the Yoga is to blackmail the God emotionally for achieving their
wishes, the yoga is not any exercise at all.
Now the Hindus present the yoga as an exercise to the western world in the hope of converting the
atheist Europeans towards the hindu religion. This is the reality of the said Yoga.
There are different types of yoga positions, the most widely used type by the Yogis is the
Hatt yoga or Hathayoga, the
Meaning of Hath or Hatt or Hatth is to insist stubbornly.
Hat Dharmi karna, Zidd Karna, Ehtejaj karna, Anshan Karna, Satya grah karna etc.
Hatha yoga (/ˈhʌtə, ˈhɑːtə/; IAST: Haṭha-yoga)[2] is a branch of yoga that uses physical techniques to try to preserve and channel vital force or energy. The Sanskrit word हठ haṭha literally means "force", & Meaning of Hath or Hatt or Hatth is to insist stubbornly. ( hattha (हट धर्मी करना शब्द के अर्थ | haT dharmii karnaa ).—m (S) Obstinacy, stubbornness, pertinacity. See under hatta. What is जिद्दी meaning in English?) Meaning of ziddi in English
Hat Dharmi karna, Zidd Karna, Ehtejaj karna, Anshan Karna, Satya grah karna etc. alluding to a system of physical techniques.
( Therefore the Yoga is a physical system of emotionally blackmailing to the deity. By inflicting pain to the body
i.e. self harm, by using Obstinacy, stubbornness, pertinacity as a techniques of blackmailing during the worship
and prayers to ask favors. Thinking in mind that the deity will be softened by this self harming of the yogis.).
https://talesoftimesforgotten.com/2021/06/01/is-yoga-really-ancient/
hattha (हट धर्मी करना शब्द के अर्थ | haT dharmii karnaa ).—m (S) Obstinacy, stubbornness, pertinacity. See under hatta.
Meaning of ziddi in English
What is जिद्दी meaning in English?
headstrong, stubborn
Adjective. headstrong, stubborn, obstinate, intractable, adamant, obdurate, intractable.
If Yoga is an exercise, then which kind of the exercise is this ?.
It is not and never an exercise ever ! , it is Hat dharmi, Zidd and stubborn
headstrong, stubborn, obstinate, intractable, adamant, obdurate, intractable. Acts.
.%E2%80%94m%20(S)%20Obstinacy,%20stubbornness,%20pertinacity.2.jpg)
.%E2%80%94m%20(S)%20Obstinacy,%20stubbornness,%20pertinacity..jpg)
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Original Yoga of the Hindu yogis / Devotees.
If Yoga is an exercise, then which kind of the exercise is this ?.
It is not and never an exercise ever ! , it is Hat dharmi, Zidd and stubborn
headstrong, stubborn, obstinate, intractable, adamant, obdurate, intractable. Acts.
If the Yoga is mere an Exercise and not a Mode of Worship ? , Then Why only the Ancient yogis were doing it, and not the common people at all in the past?????..
( The Yoga is a worship in the disguise of the exercises ), it is a mode of protesting to the God. ).
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Adverse effects of yoga: a national cross-sectional survey
NATIONAL library of MEDICINES . U.S.A.
National Institute of Health Sciences Govt. of USA.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6664709/
What are the Harmful effects of Yoga ?
Survey Results:-
Results
Ashtanga yoga (15.7%), traditional Hatha yoga (14.2%), and Sivananda yoga (22.4%) were the most commonly used yoga styles. 364 (21.4%) yoga users reported 702 acute adverse effects, occurring after a mean of 7.6?±?8.0?years of yoga practice. The most commonly reported yoga practices that were associated with acute adverse effects were hand-, shoulder- and head stands (29.4%). Using Viniyoga was associated with a decreased risk of acute adverse effects; practicing only by self-study without supervision was associated with higher risk. One hundred seventy-three participants (10.2%) reported 239 chronic adverse effects. The risk of chronic adverse effects was higher in participants with chronic illnesses and those practicing only by self-study without supervision. Most reported adverse effects concerned the musculoskeletal system. 76.9% of acute cases, and 51.6% of chronic cases reached full recovery. On average 0.60 injuries (95% confidence interval?=?0.51–0.71) per 1000?h of practice were reported, with Power yoga users reporting the highest rate (1.50 injuries per 1000?h; 95% confidence interval?=?0.98–3.15).
Conclusions
One in five adult yoga users reported at least one acute adverse effect in their yoga practice, and one in ten reported at least one chronic adverse effect, mainly musculoskeletal effects. Adverse effects were associated with hand-, shoulder- and head stands; and with yoga self-study without supervision. More than three quarters of of cases reached full recovery. Based on the overall injury rate per 1000 practice hours, yoga appears to be as safe or safer when compared to other exercise types.
Single case reports on yoga-related injuries have been published as early as 1969 [17]. However more rigorous research of the safety of yoga gained momentum only after the publication of William Broad’s book, and a related news story in the New York Times, which described a number of serious incidents in relation to yoga practice [18, 19]. While this work did not scientifically assess the entirety of yoga-related safety data available, subsequent studies and reviews have been conducted in an attempt to fill this research gap. Systematic reviews have summarized yoga safety findings from case reports [17], longitudinal studies [20], and randomized controlled trials [21]. Further cross-sectional studies have also been conducted to capture adverse reactions reported by yoga users themselves [22–24], or by data collected routinely in emergency departments [25, 26]. However, to date no data on yoga-associated adverse events in Germany were available.
While these studies provide important insights into the nature of yoga-related adverse effects, there is a paucity of specific detail on the risk profile of specific individual yoga practices. This is largely the case because most studies do not report the styles of yoga related to adverse effects, the specific exercises associated with adverse effects, the incidence rates of adverse effects, or whether the injuries were temporary (allowing affected individuals to fully recover from the adverse effects) or permanent in nature. In order to fill this important research gap, and to provide a comprehensive analysis of yoga-related adverse effects, this paper reports the findings of a cross-sectional study of adverse events conducted among German yoga practitioners.
Adverse effects associated with yoga practice
Out of 1702 participants who completed the survey, 364 (21.4%) reported a total of 702 acute adverse effects. Acute adverse effects occurred after 7.6?±?8.0?years of yoga practice on average. Almost all reported acute adverse effects were associated with the musculoskeletal system (98.2%; Fig. 1). The most commonly reported yoga practices that were associated with acute adverse effects were hand-, shoulder- and head stands (29.4%), forward and backward bends (23.8%), and sitting positions (11.9%)
A total of 173 participants (10.2%) reported 239 chronic adverse effects. The most commonly reported types of chronic adverse effects concerned the musculoskeletal system. These included osteoarthritis, chronic back, neck or shoulder pain, tendon shortening or sciatica (90.5%; Fig. 1). Other chronic adverse effects included chronic headache, sleep problems, or depressive symptoms. Compared to other yoga styles, chronic adverse effects were less common in participants using traditional Hatha yoga as their primary yoga style (p?=?0.029, Fig. 2). Adverse effects occurred after a mean of 7.3?±?7.7?years of yoga practice. Of all chronic adverse effects, 52.0% were associated with supervised yoga practice, 28.0% with home practice (repeating what they learned in class), and 20.0% with self-directed practice without any current or prior supervision. 51.6% of chronic adverse event cases reached full recovery, 33.3% reached partial recovery, and 15.1% reached no recovery.
Logistic regression suggested the risk of chronic adverse effects was higher in participants with chronic illnesses and/or those practicing only by self-study without prior or current supervision by a yoga teacher/therapists (Table 3). Sociodemographic variables were not independently associated with risk of chronic adverse effects.
Analyses revealed that on average 0.60 acute injuries per 1000?h of practice were reported by the study participants (95% confidence interval [CI]?=?0.51–0.71), with Power yoga users reporting the highest rate (1.50/1000?h; 95% CI?=?0.98–3.15), while other types of yoga were found to have a comparably low rate of injuries: Sivananda yoga (0.63/1000?h; 95% CI?=?0.45–1.03), Vinyasa yoga (0.61/1000?h,; 95%CI?=?0.47–0.90); Iyengar yoga (0.52/1000?h; 95%CI?=?0.37–0.88, Kundalini yoga (0.59/1000?h; 95%CI?=?0.40–1.13); and ‘other’ yoga styles (0.48/1000?h; 95%CI?=?0.31–1.01).
While the majority of acute adverse effects were considered minor, and included events such as strains and sprains, 16 (2.3%) acute adverse effects had to be classified as serious, including one case of cerebral hemorrhage, and multiple cases of fractures, spinal injuries, and nerve injuries. All chronic adverse events were classified as minor.
Adverse effects rate
This is the first study reporting adverse effects of yoga in German yoga users. Previous studies have been conducted internationally, and have reported injury prevalence ranging from 2.4% (Australia) [24] to 62% (Finland, 110 participants surveyed) [23]. The differences in reported injury prevalence rates are significant, and are likely to be due to the survey format and the time frame in which participants experienced adverse effects.
Analysis of the injuries from yoga users in our study has also revealed that on average 0.60 injuries were reported every 1000?h of yoga practice, with large differences between the yoga styles. Power yoga, a physically demanding yoga style using flowing sequences of yoga postures, was found to be the most associated with adverse effects and was associated with 1.50 injuries per 1000?h of practice in our study. Similar rates of injuries have been reported previously [23]. A common factor with the yoga types associated with the most adverse effects in our study was that they emphasized postures over other aspects such as meditation or breathing exercises (or at least promoted more vigorous physical postures). Focusing on physical postures at the expense of other fundamental components of whole-practice yoga has been criticized as reductionist and incompatible with traditional practices [28], and emphasizing the importance of non-physical aspects of yoga to align with traditional practice may be one way to reduce the risk of adverse effects.
Previous studies reported incidence rates from 2.5 injuries per 1000?h for general cardiovascular fitness activities [29] or running [30], to 3.7 injuries per 1000?h for soccer [31], to 5.0 injuries per 1000?h for tennis [29] and 8.0 injuries per 1000?h for skiing [29]. Strongman or strength athletics were reported to result in 4.5–6.1 injuries per 1000?h, and highland games in 7.5 injuries per 1000?h of practice [32]. These figures suggest that yoga appears to be as safe or safer when compared to other exercise types. ( This judgement/conclusion is same as in this example = Suppose a person does not go out for work and is idle lying in the home and there is another person who daily goes for work and earn livelihood for his family , now a judge says that the first person who is idle and does not work at all is comparatively more safe than the second person who goes out for work, as there is more risk of any road accident or any work related injury. The first person is safer as he does not expose himself to accidents and injury !.).
Types of adverse effects
The present study found that the vast majority of adverse effects from yoga affected the musculoskeletal system. These findings are mostly in line with findings from previous studies, which mainly reporting muscle or joint pain or strains [22, 24]. The present study however also found several serious adverse effects, ranging from joint injuries to bone fractures and disc prolapse, which may not be amenable to full recovery, potentially affecting longer-term health and well-being.
This study was the first to assess whether participants had recovered from their reported injuries. Findings from our study suggest that nearly one in four participants with acute injuries resulting from their yoga practice - and more than half of those with chronic adverse effects from their yoga practice – reported that they did not fully recover from their injuries. A previous study found that the number of yoga injuries requiring medical attention has been rising in the past decades [25], and emergency departments reported injuries to muscles and soft tissues, fractures, contusions and dislocations. While the number of severe injuries associated with yoga is relatively small (4.6% requiring medical treatment) [24], these findings suggest further attention on yoga-associated adverse events is warranted, and further studies are needed to identify the circumstances leading to those severe injuries, as well as to examine and identify effective ways in which such injuries can be avoided.
While the vast majority of adverse effects reported in our study were musculoskeletal, some participants in this study also reported adverse effects affecting other areas, including one case of a cerebral hemorrhage. Other adverse effects that have been reported in case reports and cross-sectional studies included injuries to the eyes, for example in participants with preexisting glaucoma [17, 20]. It is possible that adverse effects other than musculoskeletal injuries may not have been recognized as such by participants, and have been underreported due to the unclear association to yoga practice (for example due to the delayed manifestation of symptoms). It may be prudent to encourage physicians to include yoga in the list of physical activities undertaken when collecting patient histories, to ensure that any relevant yoga-related outcomes can be more accurately captured.
Predictors of adverse effects
One of the identified predictors for injuries among participants of our study was the specific yoga style practiced by participants, with vigorous forms of yoga being associated with higher risk of injuries. Vigorous yoga forms often combine postures into a series of movements, which could result in higher load on muscles, ligaments and joints compared to slow and more meditative yoga styles [20]. These more vigorous styles of yoga may also include higher frequencies of specific yoga postures found to be the cause of a large number of injuries, including hand stands, head stands or shoulder stands, forward and backward bends. This finding is supported by another study, [24] which reported the same exercises as the most common triggers of yoga adverse effects. Such exercises probably place large weights on body parts, for example the wrists for reversed positions or the knees in positions that require prolonged kneeling or flexion. As a result participants without sufficient preparation or training may experience pain or even injuries to the affected joints. Some studies even suggest that yoga practice may lead to meniscal damage [33], which is a risk factor for osteoarthritis and related disability [34]. However, a cross-sectional study conducted in Australia did not find higher rates of knee or other joint problems in yoga users as compared to yoga non-users [35], and such disparate findings indicate further research is warranted. Given that the joint load has been estimated based on correct execution of the exercise, with the assumption of a normal weight practitioner with no preexisting physical impairment, further studies are also needed to examine the joint load in everyday practitioners.
Another factor associated with increased risk of adverse effects among participants in our study is the presence of preexisting medical conditions or illnesses, including predispositions for certain injuries. This result confirms findings from previous studies [22, 24], showing that poor physical health and chronic disease significantly increase the risk of injuries during yoga.
Another important finding for our study is that yoga self-study without prior or current supervision is more likely to lead to adverse effects than supervised yoga practice. Self-study is an important part of yoga practice, and is often promoted in clinical trials to increase the total practice frequency [7–9, 11–13, 36]. However, there is also a plethora of self-practice DVDs and videos, or online courses available for those who want to learn and practice yoga by themselves. Physically demanding yoga postures and motion sequences may require surveillance by experienced instructors to ensure correct execution. Self-practicing individuals may execute postures incorrectly, or push themselves too hard to follow the instructors, thus increasing the risk for injuries. These results suggest that some form of regular or formal supervisory guidance may be beneficial for reducing adverse events associated with yoga practice. An interesting finding related to this point form our study is that participants practiced in class for only 84.9?min per week but for 166.3?min at home. This is most likely the case because not all participants actually attended any classes, with some practicing only at home.
Props, such as blocks and belts have been heavily discussed in the literature as being either beneficial [37] or hazardous [19]. Props were introduced into modern yoga practice to allow practitioners to access the benefits of yoga postures regardless of their physical condition or experience [37]. In our bivariate analysis the use of props slightly increased the frequency of acute adverse effects. However, in the logistic regression no associations between the use of props and injuries were found. As such the use of props cannot be considered hazardous in general, however precautions should be applied when practicing with props, such as ensuring correct handling of props (including securing the props when they are not used), and not applying props to push and exceed bodily limitations, to reduce potential yoga-associated adverse events.
It could also be expected that injury rates differ by motivations for yoga practice, particularly if those who are motivated for fitness reasons are drawn to more vigorous forms of yoga. In this survey, more than 60% of participants were currently practicing yoga for general prevention or stress management and only 1.5% for fitness reasons; however, motivation for yoga practice was not associated with injury rates (data not shown). Comparable to other forms of physical activity, the risk of injuries did not differ between genders [32].
Conclusions
The Yoga was employed or used to inflict pain to the body, therefore the injuries are inherent in yoga, the yoga was to make the gods piety on the devotees by seeing their pains and injuries, so that they will grant them some favors, they will fulfill their some desires, yoga is a mode of protest after all. It was never an exercise .
One in five adult yoga users experienced at least one acute adverse effect due to their yoga practice. One in ten reported at least one chronic adverse effect, mainly musculoskeletal effects. Adverse effects seem to be mainly associated with hand-, shoulder- and head stands; and with yoga self-study without supervision. Based on the overall injury rate per 1000 practice hours.
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